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31.
Reis EL Sarkis JE Neto ON Rodrigues C Kakazu MH Viebig S 《Journal of forensic sciences》2003,48(6):1269-1274
This work presents a novel collection method for gunshot residues (GSR) using a sampling procedure based on ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) solution as a complexing agent on moistened swabs. Detection was via a sector-field inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (HRICP-MS). The proposed collection and analytical method allowed detection of antimony (Sb), barium (Ba) and lead (Pb) after .38 shot tests. at detection limits of less than 1 microg L(-1) in four different areas of the hands of volunteers. This paper includes a discussion concerning hand areas near the thumb and forefinger as being more suitable for GSR collection as well as a comparison between differences observed using 2% diluted EDTA. 2% nitric acid solution, and simple deionized water as collecting solutions, proving the superior efficiency of EDTA in GSR recoveries. 相似文献
32.
Walter P 《Issues in law & medicine》1999,14(4):357-373
In this article, the author compares and contrasts the notion of informed consent in medical decision making in the Western legal system with the traditional Jewish biblical legal system. Walter critically examines the philosophical underpinnings of disease and medical healing in both legal systems, and describes the practical consequences that emanate from the different ideologies in terms of the individual's rights of choice of treatment. She explains that the Western system is predicated on notions of individual autonomy and self determination. Patients therefore have the autonomous ability to select and direct their own medical therapy. By contrast, the traditional biblical system of law is based on the concept that the body does not belong to the individual. Instead, the body is given to man by God as a trust to respect and preserve. Therefore, the individual patients "has no absolute right to control his body and ... he has no real decision making power as to medical treatment choices." In the Jewish biblical tradition, consent is not necessary for obviously beneficial or obviously non-beneficial procedures; consent is only necessary in decisions with uncertain outcomes or when making choices between equal options. Patients are encouraged to seek the counsel of religious authorities and to conform to rabbinical interpretations of the traditional Jewish law. 相似文献
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Frank Neubacher Michael Walter Helena Vaacute;lková Krzysztof Krajewski 《European Journal on Criminal Policy and Research》1999,7(4):539-562
The authors trace and compare the developments in recorded juvenile delinquency in Hamburg, Prague, Cracow and Budapest from 1991-1997 and then analyse the processing and selection procedures of the various justice systems. They devote special attention to ethnic minorities within this filtering process. The most salient feature is that the crime rates and processing structures in the former socialist countries display considerable similarities. It would almost be possible to speak of a specific type of criminal justice system with a typical form of reaction. While in the West, the large number of suspects is considerably reduced during later stages of selection to a much smaller number (those actually sentenced and/or imprisoned), what the authors call a funnel model, in the East a smaller number of suspected offenders enters this selection process, but tends to remain within it and be sentenced - the cylinder model. These procedural structures have changed little in the 1990s, and there has certainly not been any increasing alignment of the Eastern systems with the Western one. Indeed, the difference has, if anything, become greater. These lower crime statistics as compared with the West - represented here by Hamburg - are, however, not only the result of equally large discrepancies between the real crime rates, but in this regard the pro-active crime prevention measures of the police, which in Hamburg have caused the inclusion of an increased number of juveniles and foreigners in the crime statistics since 1995, have also had a great effect. The research project thus clearly demonstrates the importance of interpreting crime statistics neither as a true representation nor as a distorted reflection of the activities of a criminal justice system. Instead, these statistics should be seen as reflecting specific processing procedures and methods of crime control. 相似文献
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37.
American Grand Strategy in a World at Risk 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Walter Russell Mead 《Orbis》2005,49(4):589-598
If there is no single long-standing American grand strategy, one nonetheless sees through the course of U.S. history the tracks of a grand strategy. It started with the idea of a U.S. monopoly in the Western Hemisphere, along with balances of power in the chief theaters of the world; with belief in the primacy of sea and air power and the need for an economic system to support these; and the objective of transforming international politics. Since 9/11, even if the strategic hierarchy, intensity, and political basis have changed, the Bush administration has largely been continuing in this same project, with a sensible strategy but poorly considered tactics. 相似文献
38.
Prof. Dr. jur. Walter Bückmann Prof. Dr.-Ing. habil. Yeong Heui Lee 《Natur und Recht》2008,30(1):1-15
Zusammenfassung Seit einem Jahr liegen die thematische Strategie für den Bodenschutz und der Entwurf der Bodenrahmenrichtlinie vor, mit denen
die Europ?ische Kommission das europ?ische Umweltrecht komplettieren und einen nachhaltigen Umgang mit den Bodenressourcen
erreichen will. Jahrzehnte vorher hatten schon die Welt-Boden-Charta und die Europ?ische Bodencharta eine nachhaltige Bodennutzung
gefordert, um der anhaltenden Bodendegradation Einhalt zu gebieten. Vor 15 Jahren hatte die Weltgemeinschaft die Rio-Deklaration
über Umwelt und Entwicklung und einen Aktionsplan für diese Deklaration, mit denen nachhaltige Entwicklung, nachhaltige Ressourcennutzung
und nachhaltiger Bodenschutz umgesetzt werden sollen, vereinbart. Der Beitrag stellt die Strategie, die Rahmenrichtlinie und
den Diskurs zwischen den am Entscheidungsprozess beteiligten Organen und Interessenvertretungen von Landwirtschaft und Industrie,
der noch im Gange ist, dar. Auch werden einige Schlüsselthemen der Weiterentwicklung des Bodenschutzes, l?sungsbedürftige
theoretische Fragen, die im Hintergrund der Auseinandersetzungen stehen, skizziert. 相似文献
39.
In what sense were the ancient Greeks and Romans monogamous, and why does it matter? This paper addresses this question from a transdisciplinary and global cross-cultural perspective. It considers the physical and anthropological record of polygyny, delineates the historical expansion of formal monogamy, and critiques complementary social science models of mate choice. This approach allows us to situate Greco–Roman practice on a spectrum from traditional polygamy to more recent forms of normative monogyny. Whilst Greco–Roman legal and social norms stressed the nexus between monogamous unions and legitimate reproduction, they accommodated a variety of men's polygynous relationships outside the nuclear family. Greco–Roman monogamy's historically most significant consequence was its role in shaping Christian and later ‘Western’ marital norms that eventually gained global influence. 相似文献
40.