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201.
202.
Diane?Carlson?JonesEmail author Joy?K.?Crawford 《Journal of youth and adolescence》2005,34(6):629-636
This research evaluated a dual pathway model for body dissatisfaction among adolescent boys. The study provides empirical
support for the importance of distinguishing between weight and muscularity concerns in understanding male body image. A total
of 128 boys from grades 8 and 11 completed a self-report questionnaire. Results indicated that weight and muscularity concerns
each made unique contributions to body dissatisfaction and were associated with distinct individual and peer context characteristics.
Weight concern was associated with elevated BMI and more frequent appearance conversations with friends. Muscularity concern
was significantly greater among boys who reported more frequent muscle-building conversations, had lower BMI, and were older.
The results support the importance of distinguishing between and assessing both muscularity and weight concerns in the development
of body image dissatisfaction among adolescent boys. 相似文献
203.
204.
Sípoli Marques MA Pinto Damasceno LM Gualberto Pereira HM Caldeira CM Pereira Dias BF de Giacomo Vargens D Amoedo ND Volkweis RO Volkweis Viana RO Rumjanek FD Aquino Neto FR 《Journal of forensic sciences》2005,50(3):587-592
A clear positive case for anabolic steroids doping was confounded by alleged urine tampering during doping control procedures. Review of the chain of custody showed no flaws, but nevertheless the athlete was adamant that the urine sample should be analyzed for DNA in order to support her contention that she was not the donor of the sample. The results obtained showed that the urine sample that scored positive for steroids contained nuclear DNA that could not be matched to the DNA obtained from the athlete's blood. On the other hand, the same urine sample contained mitochondrial DNA whose nucleotide sequences spanning the hyper variable regions HV1 and HV2 proved to be identical to those determined in mitochondrial DNA amplified from the athlete's blood. The occurrence of an extraneous genotype is compatible with exogenous nuclear DNA admixture to the athlete's urine. Alternatively, taking in consideration the mitochondrial DNA, we could not exclude that a sibling or a maternal relative of the athlete could have acted as a donor of the urine utilized for doping control and DNA analysis. Both situations point to possible tampering of the urine by the athlete. Adjudication at CAS maintained previous national and international federation decision that there was no proof of a chain of custody flaw to justify the athlete's allegation of urine substitution after collection. 相似文献
205.
Alunni-Perret V Muller-Bolla M Laugier JP Lupi-Pégurier L Bertrand MF Staccini P Bolla M Quatrehomme G 《Journal of forensic sciences》2005,50(4):796-801
The authors report on their macro- and microscopy study of bone lesions made by a sharp force instrument (a single blade knife), and a sharp-blunt instrument classified as a chopping weapon (a hatchet). The aim of this work was to attempt to identify the instrument by analyzing the general class characteristics of the cuts. Each weapon was used on human bones. The results indicate that macroscopic analysis is more problematic. The microscopic analysis assessed that characteristics examined were effective in distinguishing sharp from sharp-blunt injury to the bone. The microscope facilitates analysis unachievable with macroscopic methods, some three-dimensional characteristics not visible to the naked eye being clearly defined with its use. Emphasis has been placed on the value of SEM as an anthropologist's tool in bone lesion injuries. 相似文献
206.
207.
This article focuses upon the utilisation of film evidence in criminal proceedings. It describes and evaluates the historical
deployment of this type of material at War Crimes Trials, with particular emphasis upon the International Military Tribunal
established at Nuremberg, in 1945, in the wake of the Second World War. During this Trial, the prosecution placed reliance
upon the film, Nazi Concentration Camps, depicting with graphic realism the horrific barbarism of the Nazi regime. However, this was only made possible by the implementation
of innovatory evidential procedures, effectively circumventing the hearsay rule. A comparison is drawn between this, and the
current position in England and Wales, following the recent relaxation of the traditional embargo upon hearsay evidence. However,
film evidence of the type adduced at Nuremberg may be more prejudicial than probative and should such circumstances arise,
the interests of justice may not truly be served.
Susan Twist is Senior Lecturer in Law at the Lancashire Law School, University of Central Lancashire. smtwist@uclan.ac.uk. The author was assisted in research for this article by the dissertation of Kellie Goggins. 相似文献
208.
209.
Although representative payeeship is prevalent among people with mental illness and shows promise to positively influence
clinically relevant outcomes, research also suggests this legal mechanism could be implemented in ways that are problematic.
The current study examined whether family representative payeeship was associated with elevated risk of family violence perpetrated
by persons with severe mental illness (SMI). Data were collected every 4 months for 1 year in structured interviews with N
= 245 persons with SMI who received disability benefits. Multivariate analyses showed that substance abuse, history of violence,
frequency of family contact, and family representative payeeship were associated with elevated odds of family violence. Analyses
also showed family contact and family representative payeeship had a cumulative effect on increasing the predicted probability
of family violence (controlling for covariates such as violence history and substance abuse). The data shed light on the potential
for family representative payeeship to be associated with increased risk of interpersonal conflict and violence in SMI. 相似文献
210.
Jurors in negligence cases are supposed to judge a defendant by the reasonableness of his or her conduct and not by the consequences
of that conduct. But several studies have shown that a cognitive heuristic known as hindsight bias can skew post hoc judgments of some prior behavior. Thus, jurors who must evaluate the actions of a defendant may be influenced inappropriately
by the consequences of those actions. A complementary problem arises when jurors must evaluate the injuries incurred by the
plaintiff. Here, jurors' knowledge about the defendant's allegedly negligent conduct can proactively influence their assessment
of the plaintiff's injuries and determination of damages. The purpose of the present study was to examine the effectiveness
of two procedural techniques intended to reduce or eliminate the impact of hindsight bias in negligence cases—multiple admonitions
from a judge about the proper use of evidence—and bifurcation (actually withholding irrelevant evidence from jurors). We presented
a re-enacted automobile negligence trial to 355 jury-eligible adults drawn from the community, varied the evidence and instructions
that they heard, and measured liability judgments and damage awards from individual jurors both before and after deliberating,
and from juries. Results showed that admonitions were generally ineffective in guiding jurors to the proper use of evidence
but that bifurcation was relatively more effective. Deliberations had no curative effect on jurors' misapplication of evidence. 相似文献