Combined Collection and Analysis of Inorganic and Organic Gunshot Residues

Gunshot residue (GSR) analysis and their interpretation provide crucial information on a criminal investigation involving the use of firearms. To date, several approaches have been proposed for the implementation of a combined sampling and analysis of inorganic (IGSR) and organic GSR (OGSR). However, it is not clear at this stage if concurrent analyses of both types of residue might be detrimental to the analysis of IGSR currently applied in forensic laboratories. Thus, this work aims to compare and evaluate three different protocols for the combined collection and analysis of IGSR and OGSR. These methods, respectively, involve the use of a modified stub (with two halves, one for the detection of IGSR and the other for the analysis of OGSR); the sequential recovery of GSR with two stubs mounted with different adhesives (double-sided carbon tape and Tesa® TACK) and the sequential analysis of IGSR and OGSR from a single carbon stub following carbon deposition. The detection of IGSR was carried out using SEM-EDX, while OGSR analysis was performed using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS). Obtained results for experiments performed using Geco Sinoxid^® ammunition indicated that sequential analysis was the most suitable protocol for the combined collection and analysis of both IGSR and OGSR. A higher number of inorganic (characteristic and consistent) particles and higher concentrations of ethylcentralite, N-nitrosodiphenylamine, diphenylamine, and nitroglycerin were recovered with this method.     

MI Implementation in Juvenile Justice: A Case Report

Motivational interviewing (MI) is a communication style focused on enhancing clients’ own motivation towards change. In the justice system MI has evidence to support that it enhances communication and change behaviors in youth. As most MI training is designed for healthcare settings training and implementation of MI must be adapted to fit the juvenile justice model. This includes both rehabilitation and restorative justice. Here we describe the details that allowed one county small county in Pennsylvania to roll out MI training and initial skills review in less than 6 months. The case reviews the details of planning, trainings, and timing of activities. We then discuss what elements of those details fit into a greater implementation plan that may be applied elsewhere. Four key elements were instrumental to implementation: 1) appreciation of JPO time constraints, 2) cost containment 3) using blending to enhance JPO flexibility with MI use, and 4) policies that normalize use of MI. This outline may assist other courts in their own implementation efforts.     

中国青少年犯罪演进的定量分析

上世纪90年代以来，青少年罪犯数量大幅度下降，近几年开始有所缓慢回升，青少年罪犯占全国罪犯总体的比例呈下降趋势，然而，青少年人口犯罪率居高不下，并呈上升趋势。由此我们看到反映青少年犯罪情况的两个代表性指标一一犯罪数量和人口犯罪率。影响青少年犯罪数量变化的主要因素是人口基数和青少年人口犯罪率，而后者更能够反映青少年个体及群体的越轨行为危险程度。我们在青少年犯罪预防决策和实务工作中更应当密切关注青少年人口犯罪率，同时重视青少年群体人口基数的变化。此外，从罪犯数量和人口犯罪率两个指标来看，未成年人与青年两个亚群体差异较为明显，因此青少年犯罪预防工作不能笼而统之，需要日益精细化、专业化。     

博弈视角下农地流转与农民利益保障机制探析

农地流转制度在巩固存量利益的同时,也带来了可观的增量利益,各个利益主体为分配新增利益势必会展开激烈的竞争和角逐.运用博弈论系统分析利益主体之间的博弈关系,透视现实制度实行中其他利益主体对农民利益的侵害.在策略选择上从宏观、中观和微观角度着力构建三位一体利益保障机制,矫正农地流转利益博弈中的力量失衡状态,促使农民的存量利益能够得到对价支付,确保农民能够公平参与增量利益的分配.     

Instruments for Exploring Organizational Culture: A Review of the Literature

Organizational culture is widely considered to be one of the most significant factors in reforming and modernizing public administration and service delivery. This article documents the findings of a literature review of existing qualitative and quantitative instruments for the exploration of organizational culture. Seventy instruments are identified, of which 48 could be submitted to psychometric assessment. The majority of these are at a preliminary stage of development. The study's conclusion is that there is no ideal instrument for cultural exploration. The degree to which any measure is seen as "fit for purpose" depends on the particular reason for which it is to be used and the context within which it is to be applied.     

Do Political Similarities Facilitate Interlocal Collaboration?

This research examines the extent to which political similarities—that is, homophily between political actors at the local level—affect patterns of interorganizational collaboration in an emergency response situation. While the field of emergency management has focused on implementation‐oriented arrangements among key stakeholders, few studies have systemically investigated the creation and development of interorganizational collaborations led by political actors, especially following catastrophic events. The analysis reveals that a dyadic tie with political homophily boosts local responders’ ties with other agencies during emergencies. Findings indicate that political solidarity, formulated by chief elected officials of municipalities and council members, can broaden the scope of interorganizational collaboration by mitigating institutional collective action problems at the local level. This research presents a critical recommendation for emergency managers that interlocal collaboration for timely response to a disaster is attributable to political similarities that facilitate frequent interlocal interactions through formal and/or informal agreements.     

推进执政党建设理论创新——学习党的十七大报告的体会

党的十七大报告正视新党情、反映人民的新期待、体现新的时代要求,提出了党建新方针、确定了党建新主线、明确了党建新目标、规划了党建新布局、确定了党建新重点,从多方面推进了执政党建设理论的创新.     

以人为本科学立法——大连地方立法工作的实践与思考

自1986年享有地方立法权以来,大连市一直坚持以人为本、科学立法,经过20多年的实践,立法工作在经历了从无到有逐步走向成熟的同时,立法的质量和水平都有了较大的提升.     

儒家思想对世界新人权理论的贡献——从张彭春对《世界人权宣言》订立的贡献出发

<世界人权宣言>是二战后最重要的国际人权文件之一.它超越抽象的"自然权利"人权理论和地域性"基本权利"人权理论,建立了"全球道德共识"人权理论.这一世界新人权理论的确立与中国学者张彭春的贡献密不可分.张彭春作为人权委员会副主席全程参与了<世界人权宣言>的制定.他以儒家思想为依托,提出了反对西方中心、提倡多元、抛弃宗教哲学纷争寻求道德共识、用良心制约理性等诸多人权理论主张.他提出把"仁"这一道德禀赋作为人权的基础,为面临宗教批判、理性批判和权力批判而陷入困境的传统人权话语找到了新的合法性源泉.     

Exploring the Determinants of the Entry and Exit of Ministers in Korea: 1980–2008

The entry and exit of ministers has been of primary interest to students of political science and public management in Western countries. Responding to the lack of research on the entry and exit of ministers in non‐Western countries, this article examined determinants of both the entrance and exit of ministers in Korea from the life cycle point of view based on the Korean Ministerial Database from 1980 to 2008. We argued that as the Korean presidency shifts from an imperialistic to a democratic presidency, ministerial appointments in Korea also seem to shift from an expertise‐focused to a politics‐focused approach. Likewise, the primary resignation reason also shifts from policy failure to political reasons. We also argued that Korean presidents use their power to reshuffle cabinet ministers too often for their political interests. As a result, Korean ministers spend too little time in post; average tenure is now down to about one year. These short terms in office dilute a minister's ability to dictate departmental policy.