“零容忍”：对纽约市警务政策与实践的个案研究

由威廉·布莱顿（William Bratton）开始的纽约市警务改革现在被鲁迪·朱利亚尼（Rudy Giuliani）市长称为“零容忍”zero tolerance）警务的典范，他称赞这些改革带来纽约市犯罪率的急剧下降。但是如同控告警察行为不当和滥用权力的诉讼案件数一样。市民投诉调查委员会面对市民投诉的数字却急剧上扬。把纽约市犯罪率、逮捕统计数和市民投诉与实施更加倾向于问题导向型社区警务战略的圣地亚哥市进行比较，可以强有力地证明，在实现有效的犯罪控制的同时给城市社区带来较少的负面影响是可能的。     

HOMOSEXUAL PARENTS

This article will first examine the approaches used by the courts in making custody decisions that involve homosexual parents; second it will review the assumptions commonly made about homosexuals and the effect homosexual parenting has on a child, and how these rationales are in fact used to justify a denial of custody or the imposition of restrictions on the homosexual parent; third, it will discuss what implications the courts' treatment of this issue has for legal practice.     

VISITATION AND CHILD SUPPORT GUIDELINES

Fabricius and Braver argue that nonresident fathers incur appreciable visitation expenses and that their child support obligations should be reduced accordingly. To assess whether fathers incur "appreciable" expenses requires data from mothers and fathers on expenditures in dollar terms rather than data from college students on items kept in the nonresident father's house. The Fabricius and Braver data also overstate the degree to which all divorced fathers do anything for their children. Representative data indicate that father visitation declines substantially over time. Father's postdivorce, post–child support standard of living remains twice that of mothers and children. The cliff model—making adjustments for visitation only in the rare cases of very high shared physical custody—is sensible policy.