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111.
By 1996, all states had established a program focusing on the development of technology and technology-based economic development.
As more agencies move to performance-based management, state S&T programs are increasingly under pressure to report outcome
and output data for their programmatic activities. This paper presents findings on the extent and use of performance measurement
and evaluation efforts in state science and technology programs. The 1995–96 study was based on a series of eight case studies
and a mail survey of science and technology-based programs in all fifty states. The findings show that three groups of measures
emerged as most important to state science and technology programs: employment-related data, leveraged or matching fund data,
and anecdotal evidence. State programs are especially pressured to report short-term outcomes, yet show economic benefits.
Many state program managers find value in performance data—the reseacch shows that the primary reason that many states assess
their performance is the value of performance information as a management tool.
Any opinions, findings, conclusions, or recommendations here are those of the authors and do not represent the views of the
National Science Foundation. This research was supported under NSF Grant No. SBR-9422433 from the Program of Research on Science
and Technology and through the second author's NSF Independent Research Plan. The research benefited greatly from the contributions
of two tireless research assistants, Arlene Allen and Michael Turton. 相似文献
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Journal of Experimental Criminology - This study tested whether the presence of a firearm changed the way people reacted to police among a British sample. In an online study, participants were... 相似文献
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Julia Kwong 《国际公共行政管理杂志》2013,36(11):1925-1942
This paper takes issue with a central theme in the literature on corruption that a centralized bureaucratic structure necessarily promotes corruption. It argues that the growth of corruption after 1976 was not so much the result of a centralized bureaucratic structure as that of the changing organizational ethics in the schools. In an examination of the schools since 1949, it shows that their structures have not changed radically. But by separating the organizational ethics into their real and ideal dimensions, it demonstrates that despite the continuity in the official goals and codes of ethics, the ‘real’ or fundamental organizational ethic have changed, and new standards of behavior have prompted members to break organizational rules in the more or less decentralized organizational structures. 相似文献
119.
Although cognitive rumination is related to violence perpetration, not all people who ruminate become violent. Four personality variables—impulsivity, anxiety, anger-in, anger-out—were tested as possible moderators of the link between the tendency to ruminate and the frequency of intimate partner violence (IPV). Variables related to the Behavioral Activation System (anger-out and impulsivity) were predicted to strengthen the rumination-IPV link; whereas measures related to the Behavioral Inhibition System (anger-in and anxiety) would suppress this link. As predicted, anger-out, anger-in, and impulsivity moderated the relation between rumination and IPV. No evidence was found for suppressor variables. Thus, appetitive drives appear to amplify the effect of rumination on violence. Clinically, therapeutic techniques that address rumination, anger, and impulsivity may help to reduce IPV risk. 相似文献
120.
Limited data on regional and preferential trade agreements prevent social scientists from testing some of the international cooperation literature??s most important claims. Expert surveys??a technique that is widely used in the field of comparative politics but thus far underutilized in international relations??allow us to capture many aspects of trade agreements for which data would otherwise be unavailable. They also provide us with a means of comparing agreements across regions and issue areas. We present a new dataset of expert opinion on the world??s regional trade organizations. Our survey covers 24 dimensions of 40 different regional agreements??including the perceived effectiveness of trade liberalization, the degree to which dispute settlement mechanisms are easy to use, and the political and international influence of the agreement. Bayesian factor analysis allows us to extract a principal dimension of effectiveness. 相似文献