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This article highlights the results of a survey of 3,073 U.S. counties regarding court-connected programs for divorcing parents. Court-connected programs were identified in 541 counties. Information is provided on states' efforts at parent education for divorcing parents, including proliferation of programs, commonly used programs, court involvement in organization of programs, fees, and various attendance policies, including mandated attendance. The research establishes a base of information that reflects current practices, informs future research on program outcomes, and assists court systems to implement, change, and/or mandate education programs for divorcing parents. 相似文献
263.
Karen E. Ferree Smita Singh 《Studies in Comparative International Development (SCID)》2006,40(4):31-54
We argue that there are strong reasons to believe that continuous competitive, multiparty elections produce different growth
dynamics than first competitive elections. We test this conjecture by looking at the effects of competitive elections and
their endurance on growth rates in African countries from 1970 to 2001. We find that initial competitive elections do not
offer a growth dividend over having no elections at all, although noncompetitive elections may result in a growth penalty.
However, over time, countries that hold competitive elections slowly begin outperforming those without them—especially those
that hold noncompetitive elections. Africa’s poor growth experience may therefore be related less to an unwillingness to experiment
with democracy, than to an inability to consolidate democratic reforms once in place.
Karen E. Ferree is assistant professor of political science at University of California, San Diego. She specializes in the
study of elections in new democracies, especially those in Africa. Her work has examined the political economy of elections
as well as the role of ethnicity in elections.
Smita Singh is Special advisor to Global Affairs at the William and Flora Hewlett Foudation. Her research interests include
the political economy of development and violence in Africa and Southeast Asia.
We wish to thank Robert Bates for support and advice at all stages of this project. Thanks also to Macartan Humphries, Naunihal
Singh, two anonymous reviewers, and the editors atStudies in Comparative and International Development for helpful comments. 相似文献
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Karen McAuliffe 《European Law Journal》2008,14(6):806-818
The enlargement of the EU to 25 Member States in May 2005, followed by the accession of two more states in January 2007, raised a number of questions concerning the organisational structure of that Union—the sheer scale of the largest EU expansion to date highlighted the need to restructure EU institutions. For the European Court of Justice (ECJ), enlargement meant a huge influx of people to staff new divisions in the administrative hierarchy of the Court. This article describes the process and effects of enlargement at the ECJ, particularly in relation to translation and the language regime of that Court. Prior to the May 2004 and January 2007 enlargements there was a general perception among those working at the Court that enlargement would result in significant dislocation of life at that institution. In particular, it was felt that the translation directorate would not be able to cope with the addition of 11 ‘new’ languages to the list of official EU languages. The reality, however, was far from the disaster that many had predicted. That said, even a mere year following the May 2004 enlargement, a number of changes in the functioning and dynamics of that Court were already noticeable. 相似文献
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Karen Throsby 《Feminist Review(on-Line)》2002,72(1):62-77
During the process of in vitro fertilization (IVF), hormonal drugs are used to stimulate the woman's ovaries to produce multiple eggs. The injecting of the drugs is often performed by the women themselves outside of the clinical context, constituting a gendered burden of work that is rendered invisible by the dominant representations of treatment as undergone by couples and performed by doctors. Based on a series of interviews with women and couples who have undergone IVF unsuccessfully and who have ended treatment at least two years previously, this paper focuses on two aspects of the self-injection of hormonal drugs that emerged from the participants accounts: firstly, the gendered ways in which the drug regimen was experienced as compromising privacy and secondly, the strategic use of images of both illicit and medical drug use in the accounts. The paper argues that in spite of the dominant representation of IVF as a couples' technology, the IVF process is profoundly gendered, both in terms of bodily intervention and in the distribution of labour in the implementation of treatment; that the invisibility of the drug regimens from dominant representations of IVF can leave those undergoing treatment unprepared for some of the problems that the self-administration of the drugs can raise, particularly in terms of maintaining privacy; and finally, that images of the drug injection are mobilized strategically in the accounts to locate themselves within normative social reproductive standards. This highlights the extent to which the enduring ideological construction of proper womanhood as defined by motherhood continues to pose a dilemma for those who are involuntarily childless. 相似文献
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