Towards an Anti-Japanese Territorial Front? Russia and the Senkaku/Diaoyu Dispute

This article examines Russia's position on the Senkaku/Diaoyu dispute. It focuses particularly on the claim that Russia and China are forming an anti-Japanese territorial front. Looking closely at official statements and actions, as well as Russian-language media and scholarship, it finds that Russia, while retaining a position of formal neutrality, clearly considers China's claims more favourably. While this could be seen to have alarming implications by arraying China and Russia on one side against Japan and the USA on the other, the article also finds that Russia's support is not without qualifications and that its place in the conflict is not yet entrenched.     

Woman's hour at the women's library

This article, written by a BBC Producer, describes a Woman's Hour Radio Four programme that was broadcast from the new Women's Library, London Guildhall University, on Thursday 31 January 2002 to celebrate the Library's opening.     

Adolescent Girls’ Experiences and Gender-Related Beliefs in Relation to Their Motivation in Math/Science and English

Although the gender gap has dramatically narrowed in recent decades, women remain underrepresented in many science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) fields. This study examined social and personal factors in relation to adolescent girls’ motivation in STEM (math/science) versus non-STEM (English) subjects. An ethnically diverse sample of 579 girls ages 13–18 years (M = 15) in the U.S. completed questionnaires measuring their academic achievement, ability beliefs, values, and experiences. Social and personal factors were hypothesized to predict motivation (expectancy-value) differently in math/science (M/S) and English. Social factors included perceived M/S and English support from parents and peers. Personal factors included facets of gender identity (felt conformity pressure, gender typicality, gender-role contentedness), gender-related attitudes, and exposure to feminism. In addition, grades, age, parents’ education, and ethnicity were controlled. Girls’ M/S motivation was positively associated with mother M/S support, peer M/S support, gender-egalitarian beliefs, and exposure to feminism; it was negatively related to peer English support. Girls’ English motivation was positively associated with peer English support as well as felt pressure from parents; it was negatively related to peer M/S support and felt peer pressure. The findings suggest that social and personal factors may influence girls’ motivation in domain-specific ways.     

Atherosclerotic and Hypertensive Cardiovascular Disease are Associated with Death at Sublethal Carboxyhemoglobin Levels: A Postmortem Study

Residential fires are a significant cause for morbidity and mortality in the United States. Death is often the result of soot and smoke inhalation causing carbon monoxide (CO) toxicity. The approximate lethal level of carboxyhemoglobin (COHb) in healthy adults has been well described. However, a significant number of medical examiner cases involve infirmed decedents, often elderly, with complex cardiovascular disease burdens. It is well known that death in these cases will occur at sublethal levels of COHb; however, increased lethality has been largely documented via anecdotal experience and lacks quantification. Fifty-five cases were identified where death resulted from smoke and soot inhalation suffered in a residential fire. The control group, with no cardiovascular disease, had an age-adjusted mean COHb level of 61.6% at the time of death. Presence of hypertensive cardiovascular disease showed a 30% reduction in COHb (age-adjusted mean 43.2%), atherosclerotic disease showed a 33% reduction (age-adjusted mean 41.5%), and combined disease presentation accounted for 41% reduction (age-adjusted mean 36.3%). When controlling for age, atherosclerotic and hypertensive cardiovascular diseases were each associated with statistically significant decreases in COHb (p < 0.01). Increasing age was associated with decreased COHb levels at 2.8% per 10 years of life (p < 0.01), even when modeled with hypertensive and atherosclerotic disease. These findings carry important public health significance, as well as practical significance for the medical examiner when interpreting COHb levels in cases of suspected deaths due to smoke and soot inhalation.     

Smoke in the Looking Glass: Effects of Discordance Between Self- and Peer Rated Crowd Affiliation on Adolescent Anxiety, Depression and Self-feelings

Peer crowds serve as an identity marker for adolescents, indicating their image and status among peers; but adolescents do not always endorse peer appraisals of crowd affiliation. We report on two studies—one with 924 adolescents in grades 7–12 and a second with a more diverse population of 2,728 students in grades 9–11, followed for 2 years—that examined how congruence between peer and self-appraisals of crowd affiliation relate to self-esteem and internalizing symptoms. Analyses indicate that high-status crowd members may suffer and low-status crowd members benefit by denying their peer crowd affiliation, but effects are modest in size and not entirely consistent across the two studies. Findings underscore the value of symbolic interactionist principles concerning reflected appraisal processes in understanding how peer crowd affiliation affects adolescent self-image.

To click or not to click: E‐learning for the public sector

Abstract: E‐learning is being mooted as a cheap and effective way to provide public servants and public‐sector organizations with the continuous learning opportunities required to recruit and retain good employees and improve organizational outcomes. This article draws on the extensive literature on e‐learning and the authors' experience with the development and delivery of e‐learning to examine a number of issues that public‐sector managers should consider before embracing e‐learning. The article begins by sorting out what e‐learning is, what forms it can take and how significant a phenomenon it has become in the private and public sectors in Canada and elsewhere. Emerging Canadian government e‐learning strategies are noted. The authors argue that much existing formal e‐learning material is ineffective and set out criteria for identifying viable e‐learning approaches. The claim that e‐learning provides enhanced access to training is critically examined. The authors also argue that the adoption of e‐learning will radically affect the organization of training and its relationship to the wider organization. Finally, the authors critically examine the issue of whether or not e‐learning is cheaper than face‐to‐face instruction. They contend that e‐learning can reduce training delivery costs in some circumstances but that the costs associated with developing and delivering effective e‐learning will be substantial. Sommaire: On a dit que l'apprentissage en ligne est un moyen efficace et peu coûteux offrant aux fonctionnaires des possibilités de formation continue qui permettront aux organismes du secteur public de recruter et de retenir du personnel qualifié et ainsi d'améliorer leurs résultats organisationnels. Cet article repose sur la documentation concernant l'apprentissage en ligne et l'expérience des auteurs en matière d'élaboration et de prestation de cette méthode d'enseignement afin d'examiner un certain nombre de questions que les gestionnaires du secteur public devraient étudier avant de les adopter. L'article commence par expliquer l'apprentissage en ligne sous ses différentes formes et l'importance de ce phénomène dans les secteurs privé et public au Canada et ailleurs. Les nouvelles stratégies d'apprentissage en ligne du gouvemement canadien sont mentionnées. Les auteurs affirment qu'une grande partie de la documentation officielle sur la question est inefficace et ils présentent des critères pour determiner les méthodes d'apprentissage en ligne qui ont des chances de réussir en matière de formation. Ils examinent d'un œil critique si cette méthode d'enseignement foumit en fait un meilleur accès è la formation. L'article laisse éggalement entendre que l'adoption de l'apprentissage en ligne transformera radicalement la planification de la formation et ses relations avec l'organisation plus vaste. Enfin, les auteurs examinent attentivement la question de savoir si oui ou non l'apprentissage en ligne est moins coûteux que l'enseignement en personne. Ils soutiennent que cette méhode peut permettre de réduire les coûts de prestation de la formation dans certaines circonstances mais que les coûts associés à l'élaboration et à la prestation de l'apprentissage en ligne efficace seront considérables.