咳喘速平颗粒剂对慢性支气管炎大鼠支气管和肺形态学的影响

目的:观察咳喘速平颗粒剂对慢性支气管炎大鼠的气管、肺组织形态学变化的影响.方法:采用气管内注入脂多糖复制大鼠慢性支气管炎模型,分模型组、阳性对照组、咳喘速平(小)组、咳喘速平(大)组.结果:模型组可见支气管上皮大面积坏死、脱落,细支气管管腔扩大,管壁及其周围见大量淋巴细胞浸润,部分肺泡间隔断离呈肺气肿改变.阳性对照组可见支气管上皮细胞少量坏死脱落,管壁与周围淋巴细胞浸润,管腔无明显扩张,肺泡上皮完整,无明显病理改变.咳喘速平(小)组可见支气管上皮细胞片状坏死、脱落,伴上皮细胞灶性增生,管壁增厚伴大量淋巴细胞浸润.咳喘速平(大)组可见支气管上皮细胞基本完好,无明显的坏死和增生,伴少量的淋巴细胞浸润.5组之间支气管黏膜坏死(炎性浸润)存在显著性差异(P<0.01).结论:咳喘速平颗粒剂可减轻大鼠慢性支气管炎的临床表现,形态学检查显示用药后受损的支气管黏膜上皮和肺组织趋向好转,表明咳喘速平颗粒剂对大鼠慢性支气管炎具有较好的治疗作用.     

Exchange rate volatility in high inflation economies: An econometric study of Poland and Brazil

This paper analyses exchange rate series for Poland and Brazil. The Polish series, related to the period soon after the first liberalizing measures, presents a high volatility which is not accounted for by some selected ‘fundamentals’. The Brazilian series, though also keeping evidence of excessive volatility, is cointegrated with fundamentals similar to those of the Polish case. This raises the issue of a learning process taking place during persistent inflations. Unsuccessful one-shot stabilization plans can reinforce this process, leaving a lasting imprint in the excessive volatility pattern. The message seems clear, though maybe not easy to implement: agents take some time to learn to live in non-stable environments; to avoid this by one-shot measures — if unsuccessful — can have a very high cost and pre-empt future corrections.     

"Bru-u-u-uce": The simple economics of mob goods

This paper provides a pure economic rationale for chronic excess demand for tickets to events like rock concerts. The model focuses on "mob goods", which are consumed jointly with crowd reaction, or "noise". Whereas the primary commodity is provided by the seller, the joint product is provided collectively by buyers. If propensities to make noise are inversely correlated with reservation prices and a capacity constraint applies, excess demand (queuing) is a necessary condition for profit maximization. One important implication is that anti-scalping laws may be welfare-increasing. The paper explores other applications in professional sports, restaurants, and on-stage theatre.