Manganese Exposure from Welding: An Emerging Liability Risk

In the 1930s, warnings began to appear cautioning welders about risks of neurological effects caused by manganese in fumes from welding. Since the early 1990s, litigation based on these effects has increased dramatically. The basic allegation is that fumes from manganese-alloy welding rods can produce Parkinsonism, a severe neurological condition similar to Parkinson's disease. Exposure to manganese produces symptoms such as weakness, apathy, headaches, muscle cramps, and joint pains, followed by uncoordinated speech and gait, and possibly a form of psychosis known as “manganese madness.” Parkinsonism, involving tremors and movement disorder, develops as the last stage. However, most cases of Parkinson's disease, which has similar symptoms, do not have an identifiable cause and are termed “idiopathic Parkinson's disease” (IPD). The close resemblance between manganese-induced Parkinsonism and IPD makes distinguishing the two conditions difficult, and greatly complicates litigation.

Causes of the increase in litigation include recent pro-plaintiff verdicts, new studies linking welding fume exposure and neurological impairment, increased publicity regarding welding fume warnings, and aggressive recruiting of claimants by plaintiff attorneys. Companies that use welding or that make or sell welding rods and equipment are targets of this emerging litigation.

There are many potential plaintiffs with manganese-induced Parkinsonism or with Parkinson's disease, with which it may be confused. Informal reports from a recent unpublished study suggests that 12% of welders may have “Parkinson's type disease.” This percentage, and a population of 360,000 or more exposed to welding fumes, suggests that there may be at least 40,000 welders with impairment that would make them plausible plaintiffs.

Under the circumstances, defendant companies should take all appropriate measures to protect welders from fumes. To better position themselves to develop strategies for litigating or settling potential claims, defendant companies must proactively assess numerous factors, including the nature of their welding rod liabilities; the availability of insurance coverage to cover such liabilities; the status of the scientific evidence regarding exposure and health effects; the continued evolution of welding rod litigation; events transpiring on the regulatory front such as federal and state tort reform; and the development of other mass torts such as asbestos and silica.     

Mandating insurance offers for low-wage workers: an evaluation of labor market effects

Employing a simultaneous model of part-time status, health insurance offers, and wages, we examine the impacts on employment and health insurance coverage of nondiscrimination rules in the tax code governing employer-sponsored health insurance. Using 1988 and 1993 Employee Benefits Supplements to the Current Population Surveys and variations in health insurance premiums and minimum wages, we find that health insurance coverage among low-wage primary earners is increased by at most 31 percent by the policy, at a cost of an estimated 0.8-5.4-percentage-point decrease in full-time employment for low-wage workers.     

Corporatism, Public Policy and the Labour Movement: A Comparative Study

This article identifies two dimensions which distinguish corporatism, especially as defined by Philippe Schmitter, from pluralism. Noting that most discussions of corporatism have emphasized one dimension and neglected the second, the article seeks to determine, empirically, whether the two dimensions are as closely associated as the concept suggests. The finding, for the cases studied, is that they are inversely rather than positively correlated. The search for an explanation of why this might be the case leads to two conclusions. First, that the management of labour-capital conflict in advanced capitalist countries has relied less on inter-group and group-state interaction than corporatist theory would suggest. Second, that Schmitter's conceptualization of corporatism is seriously flawed and that other corporatist writers avoid these flaws only at the cost of drastically reducing the concept's distinctiveness from pluralism.