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121.
Kent Greenawalt 《Law & social inquiry》1980,5(4):645-685
What kind of constitutional standards are applicable to communications likely to cause listeners to commit crimes? An examination of the tension between the highly protective approach to advocacy of crime taken by the Supreme Court in Brandenburg v. Ohio and the provisions in many criminal codes that make those who encourage criminal violations generally punishablefor solicitation is followed by an analysis of the penological reasons for punishing crime-causing communications and of the relevance to such communications of the justifications for freedom of expression. After an account of the Supreme Court decisions dealing with this subject and a summary critical examination of interpretive approaches to the First Amendment, the author suggests standards for constitutional appraisal of prohibitions of communications that may cause crime. The central proposals are that most statements of fact and value be accorded virtually absolute protection; that dominantly situation-altering utterances, such as agreements, offers of agreement, and orders, be treated as outside the scope of First Amendment protection; and that simple encouragements to commit specific crimes, a kind of action-inducing communication, be granted a degree of protection that depends heavily on context, with criteria like those contained in Brandenburg applicable to public ideological solicitation but with much less restrictive standards applicable to private solicitation. 相似文献
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123.
Can Politicians Control Bureaucrats? Applying Theories of Political Control to Argentina's Democracy
Kent Eaton 《拉美政治与社会》2003,45(4):33-62
In the United States, an important literature shows that legislators use interest groups, courts, and budgets to assert political control over bureaucrats. Similar theories can be applied to study the scores of new democracies that have emerged in recent decades. In Argentina, politicians in the first administration of Carlos Menem (1989-95) rewrote administrative procedures and relied on both "police patrol" and "fire alarm" oversight to realign the behavior of tax bureaucrats in conformance with their own policy preferences. Whereas U.S. legislators generally prefer complex administrative procedures, different electoral incentives led their Argentine counterparts to support reforms that significantly streamlined those procedures. This finding challenges theories that attribute legislators' bureaucratic preferences to the separation or fusion of powers between the executive and legislative branches. 相似文献
124.
Kent R. Kerley Xiaohe Xu Bangon Sirisunyaluck Joseph M. Alley 《Journal of family violence》2010,25(3):337-347
Investigators who study intimate partner violence have long recognized a relationship between exposure to violence in the
family of origin and subsequent offending and victimization in the family context. This relationship holds not only for direct
exposure (i.e., experiencing violence), but also for indirect exposure (i.e., witnessing violence against a parent or sibling).
Typically, this relationship has been attributed to a social learning process that results in the intergenerational transmission of family violence. In this study, we explore intergenerational transmission in a sample of 816 married women in Bangkok, Thailand to determine
how childhood exposure to violence in the family of origin is related to intimate partner perpetration and victimization during
adulthood. Our results show that there are indeed long-term and significant effects of childhood exposure to family violence
on the likelihood of Thai women’s psychological and physical intimate partner perpetration. However, these effects appear
to be indirect. Additionally, our results demonstrate a direct association between childhood exposure to parental intimate
partner violence and subsequent psychological and physical victimization in adulthood. 相似文献
125.
Tom D. Kennedy William A. Edmonds Karen T. J. Dann Kent F. Burnett 《Journal of family violence》2010,25(5):509-520
This study compared the clinical and adaptive features of juvenile offenders (N = 223) who were violent towards their parents (CPV) with those who had no history of violence against their parents (NCPV).
These two groups were also examined on demographic data, arrest findings, mental health issues, relationship findings, intellectual
abilities, and school performance. Youths in the CPV group were more likely to (a) associate with peers who own guns, (b)
affiliate with gang members, (c) belong to a gang, (d) have been psychiatrically hospitalized and medicated, (e) have attempted
suicide, (f) come from a non-intact home, and (g) have trouble relating to their parents and other household members. The
CPV group also committed a greater number of nondomestic violent offenses, while those in the NCPV group committed a greater
number of property offenses. Analyses revealed no significant group differences on the Emotional Symptom Index and Personal
Adjustment Composite of the Behavior Assessment System for Children; however, interaction effects were detected by gender
and race. 相似文献
126.
Kerley KR Copes H 《International journal of offender therapy and comparative criminology》2009,53(2):228-244
It is not uncommon for inmates to experience religious conversions in prison. These conversions allow inmates to portray themselves in a prosocial light and help them to establish a sense of control in their current lives, regardless of their past. Despite the value of these conversions, maintaining a new outlook of one's self is remarkably difficult. Using semistructured interviews with 63 inmates who had undergone a religious conversion, the authors examine the process that they engaged in to keep these new senses of self. The narratives suggest that they relied on various social support mechanisms to keep themselves focused and inspired. Specifically, they stressed the importance of connecting with positive others in formal and informal settings, sharing their stories with those in need, and reflecting on their daily choices. It is through these strategies that inmates keep the inspiration and focus to "keep their minds right." 相似文献
127.
128.
The luminol chemiluminescence presumptive test for blood is based on the mild peroxidase activity of hemoglobin in basic peroxide solution. However, this test is subject to interference by strong oxidants, certain transition metal ions, and true peroxidases. This paper reports methods for reducing the interference caused by hypochlorite-containing bleaches. Amines such as 1,2-diaminoethane react rapidly with hypochlorite without interfering significantly with the hemoglobin-catalyzed oxidation. Thus, addition of 0.1 mol/L 1,2-diaminoethane to a standard luminol-peroxide spray lead to almost complete inhibition of hypochlorite-induced chemiluminescence while satisfactory chemiluminescence was still observed from bloodstains. If time allows, an alternative method for reducing interference from hypochlorite bleach is to wait several days until the bloodstains have dried thoroughly, by which time the hypochlorite will have decomposed. 相似文献
129.
Agg KM Craddock AF Bos R Francis PS Lewis SW Barnett NW 《Journal of forensic sciences》2006,51(5):1080-1084
A rapid method for screening drug seizure samples for 3,6-diacetylmorphine (heroin), which consists of a simple hydrolysis procedure and flow-injection analysis with two chemiluminescence reagents, is described. Before hydrolysis, 3,6-diacetylmorphine evokes an intense response with a tris(2,2'-bipyridyl)ruthenium(III) reagent (prepared by dissolving the perchlorate salt in acetonitrile), and a relatively weak chemiluminescence response with a second reagent: potassium permanganate in an aqueous acidic polyphosphate solution. However, the permanganate reagent is extremely sensitive toward the hydrolysis products of 3,6-diacetylmorphine (i.e., 6-monoacetylmorphine and morphine). Some compounds commonly found in drug laboratories may cause false positives with tris(2,2'-bipyridyl)ruthenium(III), but do not produce the markedly increased response with the permanganate reagent after the hydrolysis procedure. The combination of these two tests therefore provides an effective presumptive test for the presence of 3,6-diacetylmorphine, which we have verified with 14 samples obtained from a forensic science laboratory. 相似文献
130.