Fairness and Ethics in Social Decision Making

Social Justice Research -     

Studies and observations on Lewis grouping of body fluids and stains

Leb positive individuals may phenotypically express both Lea and Leb in their secreted body fluids. Therefore, the interpretation of a Le(a + ,b-), non-secretor result is dependent on the absence of Leb. This study emphasises the importance of accurate procedure and biased selection of antisera such that Leb is preferentially detected in comparison with Lea. The relationship of the ABO group to the expression of Le is discussed in conjunction with the selection of samples for testing antisera and inclusion as control standards.     

从东南亚视角看中国的和平崛起：对一个新兴合作型强国前景的探讨

本文应用彼得森合作型霸权的概念分析中国和平崛起的前景。认为:中国具备成为合作型强国的必要特征,从而可能与邻国结成非对称性联盟;中国目前推行的一系列对外战略使它能够实现和平崛起,唯其适应另外两大支配性势力在东亚的存在和利益的能力尚待观察。本文的结论是:如果在台湾问题上能够谨慎地处理与美国的关系,并在与东亚当前的合作型霸主日本的交往中找到有创意的方式,那么中国的和平崛起是可能的。     

Getting to the Goal in Professional Military Education

Professional Military Education (PME) has been under fire from a broad range of critics for a variety of reasons, including credibility, intellectual rigor and administrative mismanagement. But PME provides an invaluable learning and growth experience to those beyond the select few of America's fighting forces who attend elite civilian graduate programs. The practitioner and security oriented curriculum, and inter-service and civilian mix of seminar students, is not available elsewhere. Therefore, PME must be fixed, not abandoned as some have suggested. A first step in fixing the problem is to identify gaps between what is intended by Congress and military leadership and what is being executed. This article proposes and outlines a study to identify those gaps.     

Evaluating Contemporary Crime Drop(s) in America,New York City,and Many Other Places

This paper describes and evaluates some fundamental facts about the contemporary crime drop, summarizes the major explanations that have been offered for it, and assesses the validity of these explanations in light of observed trends. In contrast with much of the recent literature, we argue that the locus of the crime drop in the 1990s is not wholly consistent with the available data and that while New York City experienced substantial crime decreases, its uniqueness has been exaggerated. We suggest that it is important to partition the crime drop observed in New York City and elsewhere into global and more localized shifts, and we offer some observations about the factors that appear most germane to driving these different dimensions of recent crime drops. We conclude with some suggestions for future inquiry.     

Field Study on the Attraction and Development of Insects on Human Meconium and Breast‐fed‐Infant Feces

Urogenital myiasis of newborn infants, although rare, is usually considered to indicate neglect due to attraction of flies to feces; however, infant feces have not been determined to attract insects. Human meconium and breast‐fed‐infant feces were used to determine attractiveness to insects and to examine subsequent colonization and growth patterns of insect larvae. Despite small amounts of fecal material present, adults of Lucilia sericata arrived at breast‐fed‐infant feces within five minutes; insects were rarely observed on meconium. Oviposition and growth of L. sericata larvae occurred only on breast‐fed‐infant feces; however, the larvae did not progress beyond the second instar. These data suggest that urogenital myiasis by L. sericata in newborn human infants within the first few days postpartum would not be expected, but desiccation and depletion of infested feces may provide a possible pathway for urogenital myiasis in older newborn infants.     

Keeping Revitalized Urban Neighborhoods Affordable

Abstract

Last May, George Jackson Jr., the president and CEO of the Detroit Economic Corporation, gave a warm embrace to gentrification at a forum on Detroit's future, telling the audience, “I'm sorry, but, I mean, bring it on. We can't just be a poor city and prosper." Jackson's remarks echo the views held by many residents of struggling postindustrial cities where the exodus of manufacturing jobs in tandem with suburbanization has resulted in cities hollowed out not only of their people but also their tax base. The Great Recession only intensified the economic decline of these once‐booming production centers, leaving in its trail an ever‐growing number of distressed buildings left tax delinquent, foreclosed, and abandoned. In the climate of this level of devastation, more affordable housing is often seen not only as unnecessary but counterproductive to a city's fate. Advocates of gentrification instead charge that the keys to revitalization are in attracting affluent urban professionals, incentivizing new businesses, and upgrading the public realm. Under this theory, housing affordability might be an issue in hot real estate markets like New York and San Francisco, but struggling cities like Detroit are deemed to already have too much affordable housing.