Canadian prime ministers in the house of commons: Patterns of intervention

This paper explores the parliamentary activity of six Canadian prime ministers from St Laurent to Mulroney. Employing Hansard, each parliamentary utterance by a prime minister from 1949 to 1993 has been coded into one of four categories: answers to questions, speeches delivered, statements made and other interventions. Voting records have also been coded. Employing this database, the analysis compares and contrasts the prime ministers in terms of their political personalities and explores the overall scope and character of prime‐ministerial activism in the House throughout the past 40 years. Canadian profiles are compared with already existing British data in order to test generalisations concerning the diminishing presence of prime ministers in parliaments in Canada and Britain.     

论中国纳税人宪法权利的保护

权利与义务相对应是市场经济的基本法则。随着我国市场经济的发展,我们应该转变以前那种只重视征税而不注重保护纳税人权利的观念。纳税人的权利包括宪法和税法上的两个层次,当然宪法上纳税人的权利是税法上纳税人权利的基础,文章介绍了纳税人的宪法权利,我国纳税人宪法权利的缺失,以及保护完善纳税人宪法权利的对策:一是确立税收法定主义;二是实现税的相对公平;三是实现税的相对公开。     

20世纪前期中国抵制日货运动经济效力的实像——以日本对华贸易为例

抵制日货运动是萦绕于20世纪前期中日两国间长达三十余年的重要现象,但相应的研究尚存很大空缺,尤其是针对其经济效力的研究更为数寥寥。在中日两国学界针对抵制日货运动经济效力的研究中常见"一高一低"现象,即"高度评价"与"贬低评价"。"一高一低"两种声音均是基于短期或单次运动之经济效果而做出的评价,未能反映前后延续长达三十余年的抵制日货运动经济效力的整体面貌。以20世纪初至30年代中期日本对华贸易的整体进程为参照,旨在以日本对华贸易特别是对华输出为例探讨抵制日货运动经济效力的实像。研究表明,抵制日货运动的经济效力在短期与长期上呈现"一大一小"的现象,以及在不同商品上存在"或有或无"的特点。     

论刑法价值及其结构

保障自由(包括行为自由与思想自由)是刑法的根本价值,而作为刑法根本价值的保障自由包含着保障其行为没有严重法益侵害性的"少数人的权利或自由"。维护秩序是必然性的刑法附属价值,且不可脱离权利或自由予以把握。保障自由和维护秩序都在刑法正义价值的统摄之下,但刑法的正义价值以保障自由为主、以维护秩序为辅作为自己的应有结构,而此价值结构符合和谐发展与可持续发展理念,进而符合科学发展理念。     

The Influence of Personal Values on Legal Judgments

The non‐legal factors that influence judicial decisions have been the subject of extensive debate. Theoretical and empirical work has focused on factors including political ideology, activism, attitudes, and demographics. Personal values are related to these factors and are central to decision making. The study described in this article translated theories and techniques from psychological research to examine the role of personal values in judicial decision making. A novel method of assessment of value expression in legal opinions revealed a different pattern of values expressed in the majority and minority opinions of a case that divided the Supreme Court. An empirical study of legal academics extended this analysis and highlighted the significant influence of personal values on legal decisions. The value:decision paradigm provides a new framework to analyse judicial decision making, judicial division, and judicial discretion and has significant implications for judicial diversity.