The second-order dilemma of public goods and capital accumulation

The second-order dilemma arises from each individual’s incentive to free ride on a mechanism to solve the public goods provision problem (the first-order dilemma). We show by a voluntary participation game that if the depreciation rate is low, public goods can be accumulated through voluntary groups for provision, and that the accumulation is effective in solving the second-order dilemma. This analysis also shows that population growth increases the accumulation of public goods in the long run.     

alpha-L-fucosidase phenotyping in human tissues, dental pulps and hair roots

Phenotypes of alpha-L-fucosidase (Fu) were demonstrated from tissue samples of spleen, liver, lung and kidney stored for a few weeks at room temperature. Activity was fairly low in pancreas, heart, muscle, skin and brain, and typing was not reliable after 1 week storage. Fu types were detectable from dental pulp tissue of up to 1 week storage. Activity was present in hair root cells, but was extremely low. The results show that the Fu typing may be applicable to individual identification of organ tissues and teeth.     

DIA3 phenotyping in human tissues, dental pulps, and hair roots by isoelectric focusing

The polymorphism of DIA3 was investigated in tissues of various human organs, dental pulps, and hair roots by isoelectric focusing. DIA3 types were demonstrated from tissues of brain, prostate, testis, ovary, and uterus, but not from tissues of spleen, pancreas, heart, liver, muscle, lung, skin, and kidney. Determination was possible from dental pulps stored at room temperature for up to 2 weeks and from fresh hair roots. The results show that the DIA3 typing by isoelectric focusing is useful for medicolegal individualization of brain, reproductive organs, teeth, and hairs.     

alpha-L-fucosidase phenotyping in human placentae, semen and seminal stains

The polymorphism of alpha-L-fucosidase (Fu) was investigated in a Japanese population from samples of placentae and semen, using isoelectric focusing. The gene frequencies of placental types were Fu1 = 0.748 and Fu2 = 0.252, and those of seminal types were Fu1 = 0.739 and Fu2 = 0.261. The coincidence in the distribution between the placental and seminal types suggests that the Fu types occurring in placentae and in semen are controlled by the same Fu alleles. The Fu typing was possible in seminal stains stored at 4 degrees C for up to 9 weeks, at room temperature for up to 7 weeks and at 37 degrees C for up to 4 weeks. The Fu types were still detectable at semen dilutions of up to 1:4. This polymorphism would provide a useful genetic marker for the medicolegal grouping of seminal stains.