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781.
Authoritarian local leaders face two driving forces in social policymaking: top‐down pressure from the regime and bottom‐up motivations derived from local conditions. Existing studies recognize the importance of both forces, but remain unclear as to how they interact and which of them is more influential in driving local policy adoption. Focusing on two health insurance integration policies in China, we find that when the policy entails substantial class or distributive conflicts and bureaucratic friction, top‐down pressure for compliance is a dominant driver for local policy adoption; when the policy does not entail such conflicts or bureaucratic infighting, bottom‐up motivations based on local economic geography together with top‐down pressure drive local adoption. We find support for this argument from an analysis of an original city‐level data set in China from 2004 to 2016. This study has implications for social policy reform, decentralization, and government responsiveness in authoritarian countries with multilevel governance. 相似文献
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Minhong Lee Jimin Choi Sang Weon Kim Hwahwan Kim 《Asian Journal of Political Science》2016,24(2):182-195
This study was undertaken to develop and validate an instrument for gerontological policymakers, practitioners, and researchers to comprehensively assess the nature and severity of problems experienced by older adults. The Comprehensive Ageing Problem Scale (CAPS) for older adults living in the community was created as a reliable and valid instrument that is easy to use. A cross-sectional strategy was utilized, in which a total sample of 1060 older South Korean adults was selected (through a proportionate random-stratified sampling method) from four regions nationwide. The psychometric properties of the instrument were verified using item analysis, exploratory factor analysis (EFA), and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). To achieve cross-validity, the total sample was randomly divided into two groups. The first group (for the EFA) was employed to identify the factor structure of the initial scale. The second group (for the CFA) was used to confirm the factor structure of the revised scale with the first group. The final version of the 19-item CAPS with four factors showed good internal consistency and a CFA confirmed the acceptability of the model fit. 相似文献
784.
Is local authority procurement supporting SMEs? An analysis of practice in English local authorities
Kim Loader 《Local Government Studies》2016,42(3):464-484
The UK coalition government wishes to improve the access of small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) to public procurement, in recognition of their importance to the economy and for the benefits they can bring to public procurement and the wider public sector. Local government provides a significant opportunity for small firms, spending £84 billion of the total procurement spend of £230 billion. However, about two-thirds of both small businesses and local authorities think that SMEs face barriers in successfully accessing public procurement. This paper examines how councils are supporting SMEs in the procurement process by analysing 67 entry forms to the ‘Best Councils to do business with’ competition. This unique data source has provided insight into councils’ attitudes and procurement practices, and demonstrates that although a wide range of supportive actions are being employed there is considerable diversity across councils. Ambiguities and tensions in policies, between local and central government, have also emerged. 相似文献
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Kevin A. Wright Byungbae Kim Laurie Chassin Sandra H. Losoya Alex R. Piquero 《Journal of youth and adolescence》2014,43(10):1781-1799
Serious youthful offenders are presented with a number of significant challenges when trying to make a successful transition from adolescence to adulthood. One of the biggest obstacles for these youth to overcome concerns their ability to desist from further antisocial behavior, and although an emerging body of research has documented important risk and protective factors associated with desistance, the importance of the neighborhoods within which these youth reside has been understudied. Guided by the larger neighborhood effects on crime literature, the current study examines the direct and indirect effects of concentrated disadvantage on youth reoffending among a sample of highly mobile, serious youthful offenders. We use data from Pathways to Desistance, a longitudinal study of serious youthful offenders (N = 1,354; 13.6 % female; 41.4 % African American, 33.5 % Hispanic, 20.2 % White), matched up with 2000 Census data on neighborhood conditions for youth’s main residence location during waves 7 and 8 of the study. These waves represent the time period in which youth are navigating the transition to adulthood (aged 18–22; average age = 20). We estimate structural equation models to determine direct effects of concentrated disadvantage on youth reoffending and also to examine the possible indirect effects working through individual-level mechanisms as specified by theoretical perspectives including social control (e.g., unsupervised peer activities), strain (e.g., exposure to violence), and learning (e.g., exposure to antisocial peers). Additionally, we estimate models that take into account the impact that a change in neighborhood conditions may have on the behavior of youth who move to new residences during the study period. Our results show that concentrated disadvantage is indirectly associated with youth reoffending primarily through its association with exposure to deviant peers. Taking into account youth mobility during the study period produced an additional indirect pathway by which concentrated disadvantage is associated with goal blockage (i.e., the gap between belief in conventional goals and perceived potential to reach those goals), which was then associated with exposure to deviant peers and indirectly, reoffending behavior. We conclude that the neighborhood effects literature offers a promising framework for continued research on understanding the successful transition to adulthood by serious youthful offenders. 相似文献
789.
Developmental taxonomies of crime disagree on whether distinctive offender trajectories are related to common or unique risks.
This study examined childhood risks of differing arrest trajectories across childhood through early adulthood (from ages 10–11
to 26–27 years) that were identified in prior work for 203 at-risk, predominantly Caucasian young men. Multivariate analyses
revealed that when both distal (childhood risk factors) and proximal risk factors (deviant peer association as a time-varying
covariate) were included in the model, relatively few childhood risk factors (assessed at age 9–10 years) discriminated the
chronic offender groups from rare offenders (i.e., child antisocial behavior, child attention problems, parents’ antisocial
behavior). Rather, deviant peer association was significantly related to levels of offending within each trajectory group (i.e., chronic and rare offender groups). No predictor differentially predicted membership in the two
chronic groups, supporting the linear gradation argument. Theoretical and prevention implications are discussed. 相似文献
790.
Susan?M.?McHaleEmail author Ji?Yeon?Kim Marni?Kan Kimberly?A.?Updegraff 《Journal of youth and adolescence》2011,40(6):666-679
A burgeoning body of research documents links between sleep and adjustment in adolescence, but little is known about the role
of the social ecology in promoting healthful sleeping habits. This study was aimed at identifying the socio-cultural correlates
of adolescents’ sleep, including average nighttime sleep duration, average daytime napping, and night-to-night variability
in sleep duration and assessing the links between these dimensions of sleep and adjustment in Mexican-American youth. Participants
were 469 Mexican-American adolescents (50.5% female) and their mothers and fathers. Data on family socio-cultural characteristics
and youth adjustment were collected in home interviews with youth, mothers, and fathers, and, during 7 evening telephone interviews,
adolescents reported on nighttime sleep and daytime napping for the prior 24-h period. Night-to night variability and napping
were more strongly linked to youth depressive symptoms and risky behavior than was average nighttime sleep, whereas nighttime
sleep predicted lower body mass index. Lower parental acculturation and fathers’ familism values predicted more healthful
sleep, and higher levels of family income, parental education and neighborhood crime predicted less healthful sleep. In addition
to illuminating the significance of socio-cultural influences on youths’ sleep, this study contributes to the literature by
documenting the multidimensionality of sleep patterns and their links with adjustment in an understudied population. 相似文献