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Heather A. Turner Kimberly J. Mitchell Lisa Jones Anne Shattuck 《Journal of school violence》2017,16(1):1-24
Although there are widely held assumptions about the characteristics of peer bullying that are of greatest concern, very few studies have empirically assessed which characteristics most affect its impact. The current research addresses this gap by using a nationally representative U.S. sample of youth ages 10–20 to examine the relative effects of a variety of potentially aggravating incident characteristics on emotional, physical health, and school-related outcomes. Findings show support for power imbalance and duration (a stronger predictor than repetition) as incident characteristics that exacerbate the negative impact of peer harassment. However, several other incident characteristics have substantial effects with or without the presence of these qualities. Injury, sexual content, involvement of multiple perpetrators, and hate/bias components of peer harassment incidents each increased at least one negative outcome. Findings point to several features of peer harassment that can provide a basis for prioritizing victimization experiences in greatest need of intervention efforts. 相似文献
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Each year, 1.3 million students fail to graduate, dropping the United States’ high school graduation rate to 69%. One of the
most salient predictors of high school dropout is socio-economic status (SES), which makes important an improved understanding
of the reasons why SES affects educational outcomes. In this study, multilevel mediation models were utilized to examine parental
investment in school as a mediator of the relationship between SES and educational outcomes among an ethnically diverse sample
of 64,350 7th to 9th grade students from 199 rural communities and towns in the U.S. (50% male, 63% non-Hispanic White). These
relationships were assessed at the individual and school district level. Results indicate that parental investment is an important
mediator at both levels. Within school districts, 28% of the effect of SES on the expectation to graduate from high school
is mediated by perceived parental investment. Between school districts, 60% of the effect of concentrated disadvantage on
the district’s high school graduation rate and nearly all (87%) of the effect of concentrated disadvantage on the average
expectation to graduate from high school among students in the district is mediated by perceived parental investment. Implications
for prevention are discussed. 相似文献
226.
Drawing from an ecological assets framework as well as research and theory on positive youth development, this study examined
the relationship of early adolescents’ satisfaction with life to trait optimism and assets representing the social contexts
in which early adolescents spend most of their time. Self-reports of satisfaction with life, optimism, and ecological assets
in the school (school connectedness), neighborhood (perceived neighborhood support), family (perceived parental support),
and peer group (positive peer relationships) were assessed in a sample of 1,402 4th to 7th graders (47% female) from 25 public
elementary schools. Multilevel modeling (MLM) was conducted to analyze the variability in life satisfaction both at the individual
and the school level. As hypothesized, adding optimism and the dimensions representing the ecology of early adolescence to
the model significantly reduced the variability in life satisfaction at both levels of analysis. Both personal (optimism)
and all of the ecological assets significantly and positively predicted early adolescents’ life satisfaction. The results
suggest the theoretical and practical utility of an assets approach for understanding life satisfaction in early adolescence. 相似文献
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Though research has examined risk factors associated with street victimization among homeless young people, little is known about dating violence experiences among this group. Given homeless youths' elevated rates of child maltreatment, it is likely that they are at high risk for dating violence. As such, the current study examined the association between child maltreatment and parental warmth with dating violence perpetration and victimization through substance use and delinquency among a sample of 172 homeless males and females. Results from path analysis revealed that physical abuse, sexual abuse, and neglect were all significant correlates of both substance use and delinquency, whereas lack of parental warmth was only associated with substance use. Neglect and substance use had direct effects on dating violence and substance use and was found to mediate the relationship between physical abuse and dating violence. Finally, females, older youth, and non-Whites had significantly higher levels of dating violence compared with their counterparts. 相似文献
229.
International Trust and Public Opinion About World Affairs 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
Paul R. Brewer Kimberly Gross Sean Aday Lars Willnat 《American journal of political science》2004,48(1):93-109
This study argues that citizens base their opinions about world affairs in part on generalized beliefs about how much their nation can trust other nations. Using original data from a two-wave panel survey and a cross-sectional survey, we show that Americans hold stable, internally consistent, and largely pessimistic generalized beliefs about whether the United States can trust other nations. We find that social trust, political trust, partisanship, and age influence this form of trust, which we call international trust. We then demonstrate that international trust shapes whether Americans prefer internationalism to isolationism, perceive specific foreign nations as unfriendly and threatening, and favor military action against Iraq. The role of international trust in shaping opinion may be consistent with theories of low-information rationality, but competing interpretations are also plausible. 相似文献
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