The Justiciability of Resource Allocation

A perennial problem in public law is how courts ought to deal with legal challenges to the allocation of public resources. This article explains and renders more coherent the varied approaches of English courts to the justiciability of resource allocation disputes in administrative and tort law. It draws a distinction between 'discretionary allocative decision-making' and 'allocative impact.' The non-justiciability doctrine in R v Cambridge Health Authority , ex p B is concerned with the former only. By contrast, allocative impact is a justiciable matter, but can still ultimately defeat a claim. This distinction, however, does not guide judicial approaches under the Human Rights Act 1998, where courts have chosen mostly to eschew the non-justiciability doctrine in favour of more flexibly applied notions of judicial deference. Thus while the non-justiciability doctrine has a relatively narrow scope in administrative and tort law, it has nearly disappeared under human rights law.     

呼唤人与自然的和谐——玛格丽特·阿特伍德《浮现》中的生态思想

玛格丽特·阿特伍德在她的代表作《浮现》中，通过对人与自然关系的思考，批判了人类中心主义所带来的对自然的蹂躏和破坏，以及人类对待动物的疯狂和残忍，表达了她的生态主义思想。她认为，自然界的万事万物同处于一个生态网中，它们之间互相联系、互相依存，不应有等级和统治关系。     

创新才有活力——甘井子区委党校“双向自选培训”模式探索

中共甘井子区委党校的教学改革,一改过去等课的做法,变按计划调训的“要我学”方式为尊重受训者自主选择和提高行政能力相结合的“我要学”新模式,贴近干部实际,满足干部需求,深受广大干部欢迎,显示了“双向自选培训”模式的生命力,他们的经验值得借鉴。     

跨国电子商务交易中非关联性常设机构的认定和纳税责任分配

为了对跨々氲缱由涛窠灰字械挠邓诎谜确分配纳税义务,本文认为如果网络服务提供商具有完全充分的自主性,则网络服务提供商不构成外国销售商的常设机构同时应自行承担纳税责任;如果网络服务提供商在某些事项上由于外国销售商的干涉和支配而丧失自主性,则网络服务提供商是否构成外国销售商的常设机构和是否承担纳税责任需要具体情况具体分析;如果网络服务提供商由于外国销售商的控制而完全丧失自主性,则网络服务提供商构成外国销售商的常设机构并应由该外国销售商承担相应的纳税责任。     

新形势下开拓俄罗斯市场的思考

中国入世和俄罗斯加快入世步伐对中国企业发展与俄罗斯经贸合作提供了新的机遇。如果说拥有世界人口1/5的中国的加盟使WTO更具世界性的话，那么，占地球陆地面积1/9的俄罗斯的入世将会使WTO的版图大大扩张，更具全球性。近两年来，中俄经贸合作已经渡过了磨合期，进入了快车道。不久前，国家召开了对俄经贸工作会议，会后即将出台《进一步发展对俄经贸合作的意见》，制定一系列鼓励中俄经贸合作的政策措施，为中俄经贸合作创造有利条件，也为我省进一步开拓俄罗斯市场提供了新的机遇。我们要发挥优势，充满信心，积极开拓进取，大手笔做出大文章，为加快我省经济发展和搞好全国对俄合作做出更大的贡献。     

A survey of the concentration of 19-OH F1α/F2α prostaglandins in the semen of fertile, infertile and vasectomized men and their stability in both liquid semen and semen stains

The levels of 19-hydroxy-prostaglandins F₁α/F₂α (PG F) in the semen of 19 vasectomized, 44 infertile and 8 fertile men were determined using a simple RIA technique. The mean concentrations observed in this survey were 45 μg/ml, 49.5 μg/ml and 59 μg/ml, respectively. No significant difference was recorded between the vasectomized and infertile groups; there were too few fertile samples available to undertake a meaningful statistical comparison. No reduction was observed in the levels of this PG in a liquid semen sample retained at room temperature over a 4 week period in the presence of a bacteriostat (sodium azide). However, a 30% reduction in the levels of 19-OH PG F occurred over the same time period when aliquots of the same semen sample were retained at either room temperature or at 4°C without azide. Finally, no reduction was observed in the concentration of 19-OH PG F in a series of 10-μl semen stains stored over a period of 6 weeks at room temperature.     

Postcommunist divergence: A comparative analysis of the transition to capitalism in Poland and Russia

This article critiques the dominant neoliberal transition paradigm. The implementation of neoliberal reforms in the postcommunist world has fostered the creation of two different types of capitalism. Rather than enabling a transition to Western European-style capitalism, these reforms have produced divergence within the postcommunist world. This article uses comparative firm-level case studies from Russia and Poland to construct a “neoclassical” sociological alternative to neoliberal theory that can explain this divergence. In this account, intra-dominant class structure (the pattern of alliances between the Party bureaucracy, the technocracy, and humanistic intellectuals) at the time of the transition produces different “paths to capitalism,” or policy regimes, which, in turn, have different effects on the ability of firms to restructure. In Russia, this creates a system of “patrimonial capitalism” that will produce long-term economic stagnation. In Poland, a variety of modern rational capitalism emerges. This latter system is distinguished by its very high levels of dependence on capital imports in comparison to the advanced capitalist countries. As a result, this type of economy will be quite vulnerable to economic shocks. Lawrence King is an assistant professor of sociology at Yale University. His book includeThe Basic Features of Postcommunist Capitalism in Eastern Europe (2001) andAssessing New Class Theory (with Ivan Szelenyi, forthcoming). He is currently working on a book entitledPostcommunist Capitalisms. I am grateful for a Yale Junior Faculty Research Fellowship, and the support of the Yale Center for Comparative Research, the Social Science Research Fund at Yale, and the Yale Center for International and Area Studies. I would also like to thank Aleksandra Sznajder and Evgenia Gvozdeva for their invaluable research assistance, and Ivan Szelenyi, Andrew Schrank, Hannah Brueckner, Alison Pollet, and the editors and anonymous reviewers atStudies in Comparative International Development for their comments and suggestions.