东北亚区域旅游合作的新态势与新构想

近年来东北亚地区旅游业迅速发展,旅游合作也出现了新的特点,并引起了人们越来越多的关注。东北亚区域旅游合作也出现了新态势,因此,提出构建东北亚区域旅游共同体,推动东北亚区域旅游一体化日显重要。建议打造一条龙式的旅游路线,推动东北亚区域旅游产品的一体化;制定统一的旅游服务标准,促进区域旅游标准一体化;以东北亚区域旅游一体化为突破口,带动东北亚区域经济一体化。     

猪血凝性脑脊髓炎病毒SYBR Green Ⅰ实时荧光定量PCR检测方法的建立

根据GenBank中的猪血凝性脑脊髓炎病毒(HEV)S蛋白基因的保守序列设计合成1对特异性引物,经PCR扩增S基因并构建含有该基因片段的重组质粒,将该重组质粒作为阳性标准品,建立了检测HEV的SYBR Green Ⅰ real-time PCR方法。结果显示,该方法线性关系良好,相关系数为0.994;敏感性高,检测下限为1.6×104 copies/μL;特异性强,与牛冠状病毒、伪狂犬病病毒和猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒不发生交叉反应;并且重复性好,组内、组间的变异系数均小于2%。应用该方法对采集的20份疑似HEV感染病料进行检测,其中16份为阳性,而用常规PCR检测同样的样品,仅8份为阳性。表明建立的SYBRGreen Ⅰ real-time PCR方法具有快速、特异、敏感、重复性好等优点,可用于临床上HEV的检测及定量分析。     

岛屿制度与南海海域划界

岛屿对于确定国家海权具有重大意义。海洋法公约对岛屿、岩礁及其他岛礁确定了规则,而对岛屿在海域划界中的作用却缺乏明确的规定。现存国际实践在确定岛屿在海域划界中的作用时考虑的因素很多。南海海域广袤,但岛屿小,其在海域划界中的作用值得深入研究。     

Profiling the mobile customer – Is industry self-regulation adequate to protect consumer privacy when behavioural advertisers target mobile phones? – Part II

Mobile customers are increasingly being tracked and profiled by behavioural advertisers to enhance delivery of personalized advertising. This type of profiling relies on automated processes that mine databases containing personally-identifying or anonymous consumer data, and it raises a host of significant concerns about privacy and data protection. This second article in a two part series on “Profiling the Mobile Customer” explores how to best protect consumers’ privacy and personal data through available mechanisms that include industry self-regulation, privacy-enhancing technologies and legislative reform.¹ It discusses how well privacy and personal data concerns related to consumer profiling are addressed by two leading industry self-regulatory codes from the UK and the U.S. that aim to establish fair information practices for behavioural advertising by their member companies. It also discusses the current limitations of using technology to protect consumers from privacy abuses related to profiling. Concluding that industry self-regulation and available privacy-enhancing technologies will not be adequate to close important privacy gaps related to consumer profiling without legislative reform, it offers suggestions for EU and U.S. regulators about how to do this.²     

Who are Chinese Citizens? A Legislative Language Inquiry

By exploring the meaning construction of Chinese citizenship stipulated in Chinese legislation and its interaction with social identities and human nature in the Chinese society, the present study investigates the nature and evolution of the conception of Chinese citizens through three selected cases from Chinese legislations, which illuminate that Chinese citizens are essentially persons with independent personalities defined by the rights and obligations stipulated in legislation. This conception is further strengthened by the entitlement to private properties and equality before law. This conception of Chinese citizenship is concrete and meaningful in the sense that it is underpinned with reference to social identities as person, people and personality in Chinese legislations. The reference of the conception to human being constitutes the essence of Chinese legislation. The meaning construction of Chinese citizenship is indeed a dynamic process engineered in the social and cultural process. The findings on the evolution of the construction of Chinese citizenship in Chinese legislation suggest that the formation of legal identity through legislation varies greatly in different countries. Nevertheless, the realization of the conception of citizenship will necessarily be backed up by social identities as person, people and personality, which will be further strengthened and expanded by the legitimating of private properties and equality before law. Citizenship is achieved by social participants through mediation engineered within the social and cultural process.     

突破传统经济发展方式的体制障碍——建设服务型政府的意义和对策

传统的经济发展方式要实现根本性转变,必须与政府体制改革和服务型政府建设相辅相成。服务型政府建设有利于突破传统经济发展方式的体制障碍,提高政府公信力,重塑政府形象,更好地发挥政府在推进经济发展方式转变上的积极引导作用,有利于把发展社会事业和改善民生作为转变发展方式、扩大国内需求的重要着力点。因此,建设服务型政府必须牢固树立＂以人为本＂、以服务为核心的行政理念,以转变职能为核心,以依法行政、公开透明为准则,以＂大部制改革＂和＂公共财政＂打造为推手,建立以基本公共服务为导向的政府绩效评价体系,为经济发展方式的转变提供切实的体制保障。     

On the Argument of Infinite Regress in Proving Self-awareness

In PV 3.440ab and 473cd–474ab, Dharmakīrti raises the argument of infinite regress (anavasthiti) twice. The argument originates from the same argument stated by Dignāga in his Pramā?asamuccaya 1.12ab1, in which the fault of infinite regress is called ani??hā. In Pramā?asamuccayav?tti 1.12b2, Dignāga presents another type of argument of infinite regress (anavasthā) driven by memory, which is elucidated by Dharmakīrtian commentators. The arguments were criticized by Kumārila Bha??a and Bha??a Jayanta and even more intensively so by two modern scholars, Jonardon Ganeri and Birgit Kellner. In this paper, I first examine the source of the arguments—Pramā?asamuccayav?tti 1.12 and its translation, based on which I provide my interpretation of the two models of arguments of infinite regress. I then offer my response, according to Dharmakīrti and his commentators, to Ganeri’s and Kellner’s critiques. By doing so, I attempt to identify the essence of these arguments is and find out to what extent one can defend the infinite regress argument in Dignāga’s and Dharmakīrti’s theory.     

Out of the Fly-Bottle: Conceptual Confusions in Multilingual Legislation

Conceptual confusions permeate all forms of intellectual pursuit. Many have contended that multilingual legislation, i.e., one law enacted in different languages, is unviable when carried out by means of translation. But not many have realized that the same would also be true of drafting if their contention could be justified. My involvement in the translation of Hong Kong laws into Chinese in the run-up to 1997 exposed me to a whole world of myths and misconceptions about legal translation arising from our failure to command a clear view of the workings of language. Over the years I have endeavoured to come to grips with the problems inherent in legal translation, showing that the arguments against the possibility of exact translation, against the possibility of achieving equivalence between different language texts of the law, and against the possibility of bridging the conceptual gap between legal terminologies in different languages, are all ill-grounded and misguided. There are indeed enormous difficulties in drafting and translating multilingual law, but they are essentially of a technical nature, by no means theoretically irresolvable. The viability of multilingual legislation is simply grounded in our innate communicative intention to use signs and symbols to convey meaning. As language users, we are capable of making language work for us for any particular purpose. Just as we can translate the rules of chess from one language to another whereby players speaking different languages can play the same game called “chess”, we don’t see why we can’t do the same with multilingual legislation. The door has always been open!     

浅析公民参与和公共管理的实现

公民参与是公民试图影响公共政策和公共生活的一切活动。它是现代公共管理不可或缺的重要环节,是促使公共部门实现其公共责任和良好治理的一个重要手段。广泛的公民参与是国家民主政治建设的重要内容,也是公共政策制定的基石。因此,要采取一些积极的措施,为公民参与扫清障碍,拓宽公民参与的途径。     

Human rights practices and the Indonesian middle class

Abstract

During the New Order we have often witnessed or read in the newspapers or at least heard from various circles about KOPKAMTIB actions such as banning or ordering coverage of a story in the mass media through only a telephone call; carrying out arrests, detention, and interrogation against citizens without regard to the proper procedures delineated in law; inhumane treatment during questioning; carrying out executions performed without regard to legal procedures, more commonly known as “mysterious shootings”; undertaking “political screening” of citizens to determine their loyalty to the government as in the case of prospective nominees in the General Elections; depriving citizens of their civil rights without trial, such as forbidding signatories to the Petition of 50 to leave the country and depriving them of the ability to earn a living by instructing all agencies and state banks not to honor their requests; the arrest and detention of religious teachers and so forth. All of this has been done with the excuse that the individuals involved are suspected of engaging in extremist or other subversive acts.