On the concept of the “economic constitution” and the importance of Franz Böhm from the viewpoint of legal history

During its development, the concept of an economic constitution embraced varying elements. At the birth of the Federal Republic, these elements stood in sharp contrast to each other. After World War I Hugo Sinzheimer associated the concept with theGemeinwirtschaft (publicly controlled economy) as an expression of the organized economy of the Weimar Reichsverfassung. Franz Böhm deserves recognition for having cast the idea of competition into legal forms; thus he laid the foundation of our economic order and opened new horizons for the concept of economic constitution.     

Music Taste Groups and Problem Behavior

Internalizing and externalizing problems differ by musical tastes. A high school-based sample of 4159 adolescents, representative of Dutch youth aged 12 to 16, reported on their personal and social characteristics, music preferences and social-psychological functioning, measured with the Youth Self-Report (YSR). Cluster analysis on their music preferences revealed six taste groups: Middle-of-the-road (MOR) listeners, Urban fans, Exclusive Rock fans, Rock-Pop fans, Elitists, and Omnivores. A seventh group of musically Low-Involved youth was added. Multivariate analyses revealed that when gender, age, parenting, school, and peer variables were controlled, Omnivores and fans within the Exclusive Rock groups showed relatively high scores on internalizing YSR measures, and social, thought and attention problems. Omnivores, Exclusive Rock, Rock-Pop and Urban fans reported more externalizing problem behavior. Belonging to the MOR group that highly appreciates the most popular, chart-based pop music appears to buffer problem behavior. Music taste group membership uniquely explains variance in both internalizing and externalizing problem behavior.     

Tierschutzrecht in der Diskussion

Das politische Ringen um rechtlichen Tierschutz findet in der Bundesrepublik seit über 35 Jahren statt. Dabei weist die Debatte einen klaren Dreh- und Angelpunkt auf: Tierschutz im Grundgesetz. Ging es früher um die Forderung, Tierschutz ausdrücklich in der Verfassung zu verankern, ist seit Aufnahme des Staatsziels Tierschutz im Jahre 2002 dessen Stellenwert im Vergleich mit anderen grundgesetzlichen Werten in den Mittelpunkt getreten. Diese Entwicklung wird von einer ethischen Debatte um Tierschutz und Tierrechte begleitet, deren Forderungen jedoch kaum Eingang in die aktuelle Tagespolitik finden. Es sollen zun?chst kurz die Entwicklungen nachgezeichnet werden, die zur Aufnahme des Staatsziels Tierschutz geführt haben (I). Sodann werden die rechtsethischen Hintergründe der Tierschutzdebatte mit besonderem Blick auf Tierrechte skizziert (II). Schlie?lich sollen einige Schwerpunkte der aktuellen rechtspolitischen Diskussion vorgestellt werden (III).     

A decision problem of long-term economic planning

The model described in the present paper has been worked out to approximate a concrete problem of national economic planning. The problem presented itself in the daily practice of the National Planning Board of the Hungarian People's Republic in the course of a planning project carried out with the aim of laying the foundation of the national economy's long-term development.     

Influences of Risk Behaviors on the Quality of Peer Relations in Adolescence

The majority of young people experiment with alcohol use, smoking, drug use, and delinquency. In order to understand why adolescents are engaged in potential risk behaviors, it is important to look at the functions of these behaviors for adolescents' social and personal functioning. In this study, we examined whether substance use, transgressive behavior, and delinquency are related to the quality of peer relations. Univariate analyses of data of a study on five hundred eight 12–18-year-olds showed that substance use and transgressive behavior are positively related to both the quantity (chumship, size of network, and time spent with peers) and the quality (attachment, support, acceptance, and competence) of peer relations. The association with peer relations were less straightforward for adolescent delinquency. Hierarchical regression analyses, however, showed that when the associations of quantitative aspects of peer relations are controlled for, no additional effects of substance use and transgressive behavior emerged. This suggests that social functions of risk behaviors may be understood as providing the opportunity to intensify contacts with peers or initiate new relations that, in turn, may be related to peer relations in a positive sense.     

Balancing Governance Capacity and Legitimacy: How the Norwegian Government Handled the COVID-19 Crisis as a High Performer

This essay addresses how the Norwegian government has handled the coronavirus pandemic. Compared with many other countries, Norway has performed well in handling the crisis. This must be understood in the context of competent politicians, a high-trust society with a reliable and professional bureaucracy, a strong state, a good economic situation, a big welfare state, and low population density. The Norwegian government managed to control the pandemic rather quickly by adopting a suppression strategy, followed by a control strategy, based on a collaborative and pragmatic decision-making style, successful communication with the public, a lot of resources, and a high level of citizen trust in government. The alleged success of the Norwegian case is about the relationship between crisis management capacity and legitimacy. Crisis management is most successful when it is able to combine democratic legitimacy with government capacity.     

Party Power: Approaches in a Field of Unfilled Classics*

Much current research into the working of liberal democracy tends to emphasise and concentrate on the corporate channel of influence. The linkage to centres of power provided by political parties has not received sufficient attention. There is a need for more research into the operation of parties as linkages between grass root activists and national elite politics. Studying party democracy is to study internal distribution of power, and the article turns to the debate on community power studies for guidelines on how to approach empirical research on intra-party democracy.     

Tierschutzrecht in der Diskussion

Das politische Ringen um rechtlichen Tierschutz findet in der Bundesrepublik seit über 35 Jahren statt. Dabei weist die Debatte einen klaren Dreh- und Angelpunkt auf: Tierschutz im Grundgesetz. Ging es früher um die Forderung, Tierschutz ausdrücklich in der Verfassung zu verankern, ist seit Aufnahme des Staatsziels Tierschutz im Jahre 2002 dessen Stellenwert im Vergleich mit anderen grundgesetzlichen Werten in den Mittelpunkt getreten. Diese Entwicklung wird von einer ethischen Debatte um Tierschutz und Tierrechte begleitet, deren Forderungen jedoch kaum Eingang in die aktuelle Tagespolitik finden. Es sollen zun?chst kurz die Entwicklungen nachgezeichnet werden, die zur Aufnahme des Staatsziels Tierschutz geführt haben (I). Sodann werden die rechtsethischen Hintergründe der Tierschutzdebatte mit besonderem Blick auf Tierrechte skizziert (II). Schlie?lich sollen einige Schwerpunkte der aktuellen rechtspolitischen Diskussion vorgestellt werden (III).     

Norway and Emissions Trading: From Global Front-Runner to EU Follower

A striking convergence has taken place in the design of the Norwegian and EU greenhouse gas emissions trading systems from 1998 to 2004. This article argues that the Norwegian adaptation to the EU did not take place as a consequence of perceived legal obligations under the European Economic Area agreement. Nor did it take place due to Norwegian actors being persuaded about the merits of the EU design. The main explanation has to do with interests. The EU market and politics are of course generally very important for Norway. However, before the US pulled out of the Kyoto Protocol in 2001, the Norwegian outlook in climate politics was global. The US pull-out accelerated the development and hence the attractiveness of the EU trading system and resulted in EU emissions trading as the most probable and possibly only international market for Norway to link up to. Hence, this analysis provides further support to the importance of being sensitive to the global context and institutional interaction when analyzing the relationship between the EU and its neighboring countries.