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221.
María A. Ramos-Olazagasti Héctor R. Bird Glorisa J. Canino Cristiane S. Duarte 《Journal of youth and adolescence》2017,46(1):28-44
Early alcohol use is associated with multiple negative outcomes later in life, including substance use disorders. Identification of factors related to this very early risk indicator can help inform early prevention efforts. This study prospectively examined the relationship between childhood adversities and early initiation of alcohol use (by age 14) among Puerto Rican youth, the Latino subgroup at highest risk for alcohol use disorders in adulthood. The data come from the Boricua Youth Study, a longitudinal study of Puerto Rican youth in two sites (South Bronx, New York, and the standard metropolitan area of San Juan, Puerto Rico). We focus on youth who were ages 10 and older at Wave 1 [M age at Wave 1 (SE)?=?11.64(0.05), N?=?1259, 48.85?% females]. Twelve childhood adversities were measured at Wave 1 and include 10 adverse childhood experiences commonly studied and two additional ones (exposure to violence and discrimination) that were deemed relevant for this study’s population. Early initiation of alcohol use was determined based on youth report at Waves 1 through 3 (each wave 1 year apart). Cox proportional hazards models showed that, when considered individually, adversities reflecting child maltreatment, parental maladjustment, and sociocultural stressors were related to early initiation of alcohol use. Significant gender interactions were identified for parental emotional problems and exposure to violence, with associations found among girls only. Adversities often co-occurred, and when they were considered jointly, physical and emotional abuse, parental antisocial personality, and exposure to violence had independent associations with early alcohol use, with a stronger influence of exposure to violence in girls compared to boys. The accumulation of adversities, regardless of the specific type of exposure, increased the risk for starting to drink at a young age in a linear way. The associations between childhood adversities and early alcohol use were generally consistent across sociocultural contexts, in spite of differences in the prevalence of exposure to adversity. Our findings highlight the importance of targeting multiple adversities and expanding the notion of adversity to capture the experiences of specific groups more adequately. 相似文献
222.
Michael H. Smith 《The international spectator : a quarterly journal of the Istituto affari internazionali》2018,53(1):45-56
AbstractPoliticians, diplomats and analysts commonly assume that commitment to multilateralism and liberal norms is part of the EU’s very DNA. Increasingly, however, the EU’s commitment to the liberal global order is more selective. We demonstrate the shift to a more contingent liberalism by examining the EU’s recent record in relation to four different challenges: international trade; US leadership; Russian actions in the eastern neighbourhood; and security in the Middle East. We speculate on what this may portend for the EU’s self-identity, European interests and the integrity of the prevailing global order. 相似文献
223.
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225.
Hanne Fjelde Håvard Hegre 《Studies in Comparative International Development (SCID)》2014,49(3):267-299
This article is the first to statistically examine the reciprocal relationship between formal political institutions and political corruption. We argue that political corruption is an informal institution that allows nondemocratic leaders to build political support, act as a substitute for liberalizing concessions in the formal institutions of the state, and thereby extends the longevity of non-democratic regimes. Yet, whereas high corruption level will prevail in nondemocratic regimes, we expect the electoral constituency in democratic regimes to have the formal power to curb political corruption. We demonstrate that these expectations hold by estimating a dynamic multinomial regression model on data for 133 countries for the 1985–2008 period. Our model shows that high-corruption autocracies and hybrid regimes are more stable than their low-corruption counterparts, but that low-corruption democracies are more stable than high-corruption ones. For autocratic and hybrid regimes, the stability is due both to corruption making the formal institutions more resistant to democratization and that the formal institutions prevent reductions in corruption. Consistent democracies, on the other hand, are able to reduce corruption and become more stable as a result. 相似文献
226.
227.
Cecilie H⊘igaard 《Nora, Nordic Journal of Women's Studies》2013,21(1):51-64
The article presents a study of the Danish YWCA from 1883 to 1940. The approach adopted is that of cultural analysis, drawing on inspiration from several fields, not least cultural anthropology and so‐called empowerment research (Habermas 1968). The YWCA building in Copenhagen is used as the starting‐point for exploring the YWCA as a culture and for a discussion of the religious, social and feminist issues of the YWCA. 相似文献
228.
Previous studies have indicated homophily in depressive symptoms among adolescent friends, resulting from both peer selection
and socialization processes. However, developmental differences and the role of school transitions in these processes have
not been elucidated. A sample of 367 (51% female) adolescents was followed from 6th to 11th grade to investigate prospective
relationships between adolescents’ and their friends’ depressive symptoms in middle school and in high school. Results revealed
that students selected friends with similar levels of depressive symptoms after each school transition. Additionally, friends
appeared to socialize adolescents to become more similar in depressive affect in late middle school years. These findings
suggest normative selection effects after school transitions, followed by socialization effects in middle school, but not
high school. 相似文献
229.
Roosa MW O'Donnell M Cham H Gonzales NA Zeiders KH Tein JY Knight GP Umaña-Taylor A 《Journal of youth and adolescence》2012,41(3):307-319
Mexican American youth are at greater risk of school failure than their peers. To identify factors that may contribute to
academic success in this population, this study examined the prospective relationships from 5th grade to 7th grade of family
(i.e., human capital [a parent with at least a high school education], residential stability, academically and occupationally
positive family role models, and family structure) and individual characteristics (i.e., externalizing symptoms, bilingualism,
gender, and immigrant status) to the academic performance of 749 Mexican American early adolescents (average age = 10.4 years
and 48.7% were girls in 5th grade) from economically and culturally diverse families as these youth made the transition to
junior high school. Results indicated that while controlling for prior academic performance, human capital and positive family
role models assessed when adolescents were in 5th grade positively related to academic performance in 7th grade. Further,
being a girl also was related to greater 7th grade academic success, whereas externalizing symptoms were negatively related
to 7th grade academic performance. No other variables in the model were significantly and prospectively related to 7th grade
academic performance. Implications for future research and interventions are discussed. 相似文献
230.
Schwartz SJ Klimstra TA Luyckx K Hale WW Meeus WH 《Journal of youth and adolescence》2012,41(9):1208-1225
The longitudinal effects among self and identity processes, and between these processes and internalizing symptoms, are not well understood. As a result, the present study was designed to ascertain the over-time effects among identity commitment, reconsideration of commitments, and self-concept clarity, as well as to map the interplay of these self and identity processes with anxiety and depressive symptoms in early adolescence. A sample of 923 Dutch adolescents (mean age 12.4 years at Time 1; 49.3% female) participated at each of five annual assessments. Multivariate growth curve and cross-lagged panel models indicated that the association between self-concept clarity and commitment was bidirectional, that reconsideration occurs based on problems or dissatisfaction with self-concept clarity and with identity commitments, and that self-concept clarity (but not commitment or reconsideration) temporally precedes depressive and anxiety symptoms. Results are discussed in terms of the structure of the self-system and its associations with internalizing symptoms. 相似文献