全文获取类型
收费全文 | 24901篇 |
免费 | 825篇 |
国内免费 | 5篇 |
专业分类
各国政治 | 924篇 |
工人农民 | 1136篇 |
世界政治 | 1612篇 |
外交国际关系 | 829篇 |
法律 | 15843篇 |
中国共产党 | 40篇 |
中国政治 | 263篇 |
政治理论 | 4784篇 |
综合类 | 300篇 |
出版年
2021年 | 139篇 |
2020年 | 342篇 |
2019年 | 376篇 |
2018年 | 520篇 |
2017年 | 605篇 |
2016年 | 629篇 |
2015年 | 494篇 |
2014年 | 499篇 |
2013年 | 2222篇 |
2012年 | 650篇 |
2011年 | 706篇 |
2010年 | 569篇 |
2009年 | 652篇 |
2008年 | 752篇 |
2007年 | 831篇 |
2006年 | 801篇 |
2005年 | 716篇 |
2004年 | 713篇 |
2003年 | 680篇 |
2002年 | 616篇 |
2001年 | 924篇 |
2000年 | 801篇 |
1999年 | 677篇 |
1998年 | 382篇 |
1997年 | 268篇 |
1996年 | 325篇 |
1995年 | 269篇 |
1994年 | 310篇 |
1993年 | 302篇 |
1992年 | 467篇 |
1991年 | 555篇 |
1990年 | 511篇 |
1989年 | 446篇 |
1988年 | 498篇 |
1987年 | 441篇 |
1986年 | 501篇 |
1985年 | 444篇 |
1984年 | 368篇 |
1983年 | 353篇 |
1982年 | 265篇 |
1981年 | 303篇 |
1980年 | 222篇 |
1979年 | 258篇 |
1978年 | 207篇 |
1977年 | 173篇 |
1976年 | 156篇 |
1975年 | 178篇 |
1974年 | 184篇 |
1973年 | 168篇 |
1969年 | 137篇 |
排序方式: 共有10000条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
911.
912.
Aloys L. Prinz 《Public Choice》2009,141(3-4):291-303
Although anti-smoking policies are on the political agenda in almost all developed countries, a general understanding of these policies is still lacking. Applying the majority voting model of Buchanan and Vanberg (Public Choice 57(2):101–113, 1988) to tobacco taxation and smoking regulation shows that different smoking policies are feasible, depending on the composition of the majority of voters with smokers and non-smokers: (1) internalization of spill-over costs with a mixed majority of smokers and non-smokers as well as (2) a combination of regulation and taxation with a non-smoker majority. Moreover, the influence of the tobacco industry is also discussed. 相似文献
913.
A prominent change in American electoral institutions occurred when the 17th Amendment to the Constitution established direct election of U.S. Senators as of 1914. How did this change the political agency relationship between the mass electorate and U.S. Senators? We develop theoretical expectations about the representational effects of direct election by a relatively inexpert mass electorate and indirect election by a relatively expert political intermediary, based on principal‐agent theory. The chief predictions are that the representative will be more responsive to the mass electorate under direct election, but will also have more discretion to pursue his or her own ends. We use the 17th Amendment as a quasi‐experiment to test the predictions of the theory. Statistical models show strong support for both predictions. Moreover, the 17th Amendment is not associated with similar changes in the U.S. House of Representatives—as expected, since the amendment did not change House electoral institutions. 相似文献
914.
Howard L. Kaye 《Society》2009,46(3):237-239
As Leon Kass has noted, the conquest of illness and death has long been “the unstated but implicit goal of modern medical
science.” But it is unstated no more. Since the late 1990s, a new generation of scientists and enthusiasts has emerged to
proclaim the feasibility and desirability of radical life extension. What they promise is not just longer life, better health,
and heightened vitality, but a transformation of ourselves into the sort of beings we have long wished to be, but have repeatedly
failed to become: beings who are completely fulfilled and living in perfect harmony with others. Despite the obvious and profound
appeal of such a fantasy, attempts to realize it, even if successful scientifically, might prove to be disastrous culturally,
for reasons that go beyond concerns about the alteration of existing social structures. Ultimately, as Freud argued, life
might well become stagnant, “shallow and empty,” while the fear of death might become all the more crippling.
相似文献
Howard L. KayeEmail: |
915.
Dallas Burtraw Jacob Goeree Charles A. Holt Erica Myers Karen Palmer William Shobe 《Journal of policy analysis and management》2009,28(4):672-691
Environmental markets have several institutional features that provide a new context for the use of auctions and that have not been studied previously. This paper reports on laboratory experiments testing three auction forms—uniform and discriminatory price sealed‐bid auctions and an ascending clock auction. We test the ability of subjects to tacitly or explicitly collude in order to maximize profits. Our main result is that the discriminatory and uniform price auctions produce greater revenues than the clock auction, both with and without explicit communication. The clock appears to facilitate successful collusion, both because of its sequential structure and because it allows bidders to focus on one dimension of cooperation (quantity) rather than two (price and quantity).© 2009 by the Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management. 相似文献
916.
In this paper, we examine whether the impact of negative advertising on citizens’ evaluations of candidates depends on the
gender of the candidates. Given common gender stereotypes, we expect negative campaigning aimed at women candidates will affect
citizens differently than negative campaigning against male candidates. The results of our study, derived from a survey experiment
conducted on a nationwide sample of more than 700 citizens, demonstrate that negative commercials are less effective at depressing
evaluations of woman candidates, compared to male candidates. The findings are consistent and strong, across a range of forces
that people use to assess competing candidates (i.e., affect and trait evaluations, people’s beliefs about issues, anticipated
vote choice). The tight control of the experimental design, including randomization of respondents into different conditions
that vary in only one way, demonstrates that the gender of the candidate influences people’s reactions to different types
of negative commercials.
相似文献
Patrick J. KenneyEmail: |
917.
From 9/11 in the U.S. to train, subway, and airport bombings elsewhere, individuals frequently must make political decisions
in the shadow of terrorist attacks. To date, few studies have examined how times of terror threat influence voters’ decision-making
processes. Using data generated from three experiments we show that, in times of terrorist threat (compared to good times),
individuals weight leadership more heavily in the voting booth. Our results also shed light on how much weight is given to
other determinants of the vote (issues and partisanship) across these two conditions. 相似文献
918.
Does public policy respond to public opinion? Previous research suggests dynamic representation occurs in the aggregate. Yet, most of the evidence for policy response is limited to the policy intentions of elected officials on issues related to more or less government spending. We examine policy response to an alternative dimension of public mood, public preferences for more or less punitive criminal justice policies, using multiple indicators of policy from various stages of the policy-making process. Criminal justice policy should be responsive to public preferences given the public’s concern about crime and the negative social construction of criminals. Thus, there is an electoral incentive for public officials to respond to public preferences along this alternative dimension of public sentiment regarding criminal justice policy. We estimate a DYMIMIC model of federal criminal justice policy as a function of the multiple dimensions of public policy mood using Kalman filtering. The results indicate that criminal justice policy responds to the second, not the first, dimension of public mood. We find evidence that policy-makers at multiple stages of the policy process are able to differentiate among multiple signals from the public and respond appropriately. The results present a more sophisticated portrait of democratic responsiveness. 相似文献
919.
What participation mechanisms connect citizens and city officials? Do they produce valued outcomes? Surveys of elected officials suggest that microlevel mechanisms such as direct citizen contact are more valuable in meeting participation goals than are mechanisms focusing on macrolevel concerns. However, there is a disconnect between perceptions about value and the use of mechanisms. State‐level participation requirements and a city manager have little effect on the value of a mechanism. These findings raise some questions: why are microlevel participation mechanisms favored, why do some mechanisms have value even though respondents have little experience with them, and why is there a misalignment between participatory goals and the mechanisms used? 相似文献
920.
A heated debate developed in South Africa as to the meaning of ‘deliberative democracy’. This debate is fanned by the claims of ‘traditional leaders’ that their ways of village-level deliberation and consensus-oriented decision-making are not only a superior process for the African continent as it evolves from pre-colonial tradition, but that it represents a form of democracy that is more authentic than the Western version. Proponents suggest that traditional ways of deliberation are making a come-back because imported Western models of democracy that focus on the state and state institutions miss the fact that in African societies state institutions are often seen as illegitimate or simply absent from people's daily lives. In other words, traditional leadership structures are more appropriate to African contexts than their Western rivals. Critics suggest that traditional leaders, far from being authentic democrats, are power-hungry patriarchs and authoritarians attempting to both re-invent their political, social and economic power (frequently acquired under colonial and apartheid rule) and re-assert their control over local-level resources at the expense of the larger community. In this view, the concept of deliberative democracy is being misused as a legitimating device for a politics of patriarchy and hierarchy, which is the opposite of the meaning of the term in the European and US sense. This article attempts to contextualise this debate and show how the efforts by traditional leaders to capture an intermediary position between rural populations and the state is fraught with conflicts and contradictions when it comes to forming a democratic state and society in post-apartheid South Africa. 相似文献