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901.
902.
Stephen R. Sacks Richard C. Larson Christian Schaack 《Journal of Quantitative Criminology》1993,9(2):203-224
At many police departments high-priority callers sometimes incur undue delays that could be avoided by the use of a differential response strategy that takes full account of the different costs of delay for different priority calls. In this article we examine such a strategy, in which lower-priority callers may not be served immediately, even though some response units are available. Arriving priorityi callers are queued whenever the number of busy patrol units equals or exceeds the cutoff number for that priority. Our purpose is (1) to find a practical way of choosing the set of cutoff numbers that will minimize the expected total cost of delays for the entire system and (2) to use that method to investigate how the optimal set of cutoffs changes in response to changes in several important variables, including the relative costs of delay for different priorities, the overall workload, and the relative frequencies of different priority calls. 相似文献
903.
Stephen C. Craig 《Political Behavior》1985,7(1):57-78
The neutrality hypothesis suggests that the erosion of partisan loyalties in the United States does not reflect a growing sense of alienation from the party system, or a loss of public confidence in political parties generally. Instead, we are told that many independents simply regard the parties as irrelevant in the search for solutions to our most important national problems. The following report challenges the assumption that such beliefs necessarily lead citizens to express neutral feelings toward either the Democrats or the Republicans, or toward both. Data from the CPS election studies show, first, that aggregate levels of neutrality are about the same today as they were 20 years ago and, second, that there is a relationship between nonpartisanship and negative views concerning the parties' capacity to serve as representative (or linkage) institutions in democratic politics. It is our contention that, to some degree, this relationship can help us to account for the weakening of partisan attachments since 1964. If we are correct, a restoration of the parties' mass base will be even more difficult to achieve than the neutrality hypothesis implies. 相似文献
904.
905.
Stephen Bremner 《International Journal for the Semiotics of Law》2011,24(2):147-161
Institutions of higher education, especially universities, have undergone a gradual transformation in the last 20 years or
so under the pressures of accountability-related measures such as the research assessment exercise, quality assurance procedures,
outcomes-based teaching and learning, and the university rankings system. These measures have led academic institutions to
adopt practices that emphasize corporate management concerns. Universities are no longer regarded as institutions of learning
but more as corporate enterprise. One aspect of this transformation is also seen in the implementation of staff appraisal
systems and promotion exercises, which are becoming increasingly formal and less transparent, often operating behind closed
doors, and privileging increased power to decision-makers. There is a resulting danger of policies and procedures being designed,
constructed, and interpreted to assign maximum control to decision-makers over the outcome of such processes. This paper presents
analysis of a corpus of policies, rules, and procedures being used in a number of institutions of higher education, focusing
on the issues of transparency, power and control in academic appraisals and promotions, to study the extent to which these
rules and procedures are likely to make the exercise transparent and assign equitable power and control to the decision-makers
as well as to the staff at the receiving end. 相似文献
906.
We address the patent/antitrust conflict in licensing and developthree guiding principles for deciding acceptable terms of license.Profit neutrality holds that patent rewards should not dependon the rightholders ability to work the patent himself.Derived reward holds that the patentholders profits shouldbe earned, if at all, from the social value created by the invention.Minimalism holds that licenses should not be more restrictivethan necessary to achieve neutrality. We argue that these principlesare economically sound and rationalize some key decisions ofthe twentieth century such as General Electric and Line Material. 相似文献
907.
908.
David B. Wilson Roger B. Parks Stephen D. Mastrofski 《Journal of Experimental Criminology》2011,7(4):375-405
Objectives
Reforms were implemented at five selected police stations in Trinidad and Tobago. The reforms were designed to improve the services delivered by police stations, to reduce crime, and to increase public confidence in the police. The intervention involved improving police facilities, vehicles, and equipment, and enhancing station staffing, training, and technical assistance to improve basic police work and station management/supervision. It introduced service-oriented, problem-solving approaches to replace the traditional colonial and post-colonial models of policing. 相似文献909.
Stephen Shulman 《国际研究季刊》2000,44(3):365-390
Most scholars of international relations and nationalism presume that nationalist ideology acts uniformly to hinder international economic integration, globalization, and free trade. This article challenges the conventional wisdom by developing an analytical framework of the incentives majority and minority nationalists face in the realm of foreign economic relations. Defining nationalism as the promotion of the autonomy, unity, and identity of the nation, it argues that nationalists have strong possible motivations both for and against close economic ties with foreign nations and states. As a result, oftentimes nationalists must make trade-offs among their goals of autonomy, unity, and identity when developing foreign economic policy preferences. Case studies of nationalist organizations in Quebec, India, and Ukraine that favor a high degree of international economic integration are presented to show the usefulness of the analytical framework. 相似文献
910.