This article uses empirical evidence from Nicaragua to examine Guillermo O'Donnell's argument that new democracies often become undemocratic delegative democracies and that vertical accountability is not enough to stop such encroaching authoritarianism. While events in the last five years have focused attention on illegal executive behavior by former president Alemán, Nicaragua's democracy actually has experienced authoritarian presidencies under all the major parties. Elections and popular mobilization have strengthened the independence of the legislature, however. Mechanisms of vertical accountability thereby have proven more effective than expected in restraining executive authoritarianism and fostering institutions of horizontal accountability. The case of Nicaragua shows that citizens can use the power balance and separate institutional mandate of presidential democracy to limit authoritarianism. 相似文献
An evaluation of 12 support groups for women victims of domestic assault revealed substantial benefits associated with group participation. A total of 76 women responded to an assessment package before, immediately after, and six months following the group. Significant improvements were found in self-esteem, belonging support, locus of control, less traditional attitudes towards marriage and the family, perceived stress, and marital functioning. Unexpectedly, clients currently living with their spouses also reported significant decreases in both physical and nonphysical abuse. 相似文献
The past year saw growing uncertainty about the future of the European Union. Whether it becomes weaker or stronger, and whether it acts as a global partner or competitor, the United States cannot afford to ignore the eu. By understanding the different eu decision-making processes for defense, foreign policy, counterterrorism, and economic issues, the United States can do a better job of advancing its interests in Europe. 相似文献
Abstract: It is generally accepted that the Charter of Rights and Freedoms, and in particular its section 15 “equality rights,” will significantly affect Canadian public policy and administration. We argue that the principal change wrought by the Charter will be that judges, applying judicial methods of reasoning, will have the final say on many policy problems formerly managed exclusively by administrative institutions, applying administrative methods of reasoning. The article compares these “institutional logics” through close examination of two documents, both addressing the issue of sex discrimination in maternity benefits under the Unemployment Insurance Act (UI). The first document, obtained through the Access to Information Act, is a 1978 briefing memorandum to the Canadian Employment and Immigration Commission advising on the likely outcomes of the impending Supreme Court decision on the Bliss case. The female plaintiff in Bliss alleged that UI maternity benefits violated the Canadian Bill of Rights equality provisions. The second document is an influential law review article on the Bliss case by Professor Marc Gold. Addressing the same policy problem, the documents come to very different conclusions. By using these documents as examples of administrative and judicial reasoning, we demonstrate how different assumptions about the nature of “discrimination,” sources of authority, the weight of financial considerations, the relevant facts and institutional mandates will tend to lead to conflicts between the courts and administrators. Sommaire: Il est un fait généralement reconnu que la Charte des droits et libertés, en particulier I'article 15 intitulé“Droits à I‘égalité”, aura un effet considérable sur la politique et I'administration publique au Canada. Selon les auteurs, le principal changement introduit par la Charte sera que les juges, suivant un rai-sonnement judiciaire, auront le dernier mot sur de nombreuses questions politiques auparavant réglées exclusivement par des institutions administratives, suivant une logique administrative. L'article compare ces “bgiques institutionnelles” en examinant de près deux documents sur la discrimination sexuelle dans les prestations de maternité prévues par la Loi sur I'assurance-chômage. Le premier document, obtenu en vertu de la Loi sur l'accès à I'information, est une note d'information datant de 1978, destinée à la Commission de I'Emploi et de l'Immigration du Canada, et exposant dans quel sens la Cour supréme allait probablement rendre son jugement dans l'affaire Bliss. Dans cette affaire, la plaignante alléguait que les prestations de maternité versées par l'assurance-chômage n‘étaient pas conformes aux dispositions de la Déclaration canadienne des droits concernant l’égalité. Le second document est une importante analyse critique du jugement rendu dans l'affaire Bliiss, faite par le professeur Marc Gold. Les deux documents, qui traitent du même problème de politique, parviennent à des conclusions très différentes. Utilisant ces documents comme exemples de logiques administrative et judiciaire, les auteurs montrent comment des situations conflictuelles entre tribunaux et adrninistrateurs pourraient résulter des diverses hypothèses sur la nature de la “discrimination ”, les sources d'autorité, l'irnportance des considérations d'ordre financier, les faits pertinents et les mandats institutionnels. 相似文献
Corruption, or at least its reporting, appears to be increasing everywhere. But there is still too little comparative analysis
of its nature and role in post-communist systems. This is understandable, given their newness. But it is now possible and
desirable to compare corruption in such systems with corruption elsewhere. This article makes some initial comparative observations,
and argues that the significance of post-communist corruption reaches far beyond the post-communist countries themselves.
These states are compared briefly with other kinds of transitional states, and found to be different in a number of important
ways. Finally, the author asks whether or not the apparent growth of corruption is leading to a seventh version of the crisis
of the state.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
Seweryn Bialer, The Soviet Paradox: External Expansion, Internal Decline. London: I. B. Tauris, November, 1986, xx + 396 pp. £16.50.
Frank Füredi, The Soviet Union Demystified: A Materialist Analysis. London: Junius Publications, 1986, 271 pp. £12.50 h/b, £5.95 p/b.
R. Furtak, The Political Systems of the Socialist States: an Introduction to Marxist‐Leninist Regimes, Wheatsheaf Books Ltd., Brighton, 1986, xi + 308 pp. £32–50.
Peter Jones and Sian Kevill (Compilers) China and the Soviet Union 1949–84, Keesing's International Studies; Longman, London: 1986, 202 pp. £20.00.
Roy Medvedev, China and the Superpowers, Basil Blackwell, Oxford; 1986, 234 pp. £17.50.
Gail Schlachter (ed.) Sino‐Soviet Conflict: A Historical Bibliography, ABC‐Clio Distribution Services, Clio Press, Oxford; 1985, xii + 190 pp. £30.50.
Károly Attila Soós, Terv, Kampany, Penz. Szabalyozas es Konjunkturaciklusok Magyarorszagon es Jugoszlaviaban, Közgazdasagi es Jogi Könyvkiado‐Kossuth Könyvkiado, Budapest, 1986, 533 pp. 142 Ft.
William V. Wallace and Roger A. Clarke, Comecon, Trade and the West, Frances Pinter (Publishers), London, 1986, xi + 176 pp. £18.50.
Alec Nove, Socialism, economics and development, Allen & Unwin, London, 1986, 243 pp. £25.00 US $29.95.
Klaus Fritsche, Blockfreiheit aus sowjetischer Sicht, Deutsches Übersee‐Institut, Munich, Cologne, London, Weltforum Verlag, 1986, 299 pp.
Winrich Kühne, Sowjetische Afrikapolitik in der ‘Ara Gorbatschow’. Eine Analyse ihrer grundlegenden Probleme Mitte der 80er Jahre, ausgehend von den Entwicklungen in Mozambique, Angola und Äthiopien. Stiftung Wissenschaft und Politik, Ebenhausen, 1986, 146 pp. 相似文献