Restriction fragment length polymorphism DNA analysis by the FBI Laboratory protocol using a simple, convenient hardware system

Restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis of human deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) using two probes, pYNH24 and CMM101, was performed on the BIOS Timeframe system following the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) Laboratory protocol and some variations of it. Comparable results were obtained by the different methods used.     

The day care tangle: Unexpected outcomes when programs interact

The day care policy of the United States is generated effectively by interactions among tax law, food stamps, Aid to Families with Dependent Children, and block grants for social services. These various programs are administered or controlled by different departments, different branches, and different levels of government. As a result, it is difficult to know what effect a change in one program will have on the overall system that determines de facto policy. Congressional changes to the AFDC program, for example, created large changes in the financial incentives for families to choose publicly subsidized day care over private day care, even though subsidized day care is more expensive for the government. By the nature of these changes, it is clear that they were unforeseen and unintended.     

Correlation of lead and cadmium in human urine.

A statistical evaluation of the relationship between elevated concentrations of lead and cadmium in human urine is presented. The importance of the 24-hour continuously collected urine sample is confirmed.     

Community participation in the certificate-of-need process: a look at ten-taxpayer groups in Massachusetts

Certificate-of-need statutes give designated state agencies veto power over investment in health care facilities. Some states have sought to temper the arbitrary character of this power by expanding the opportunities for community input into the certificate-of-need process. Massachusetts, for example, has enacted a statute that allows groups of ten taxpayers to petition for a public hearing on any certificate-of-need application. Some observers question whether the benefits of taxpayer-group participation are substantial enough to compensate for the delays and abuses that the statute allegedly invites. To help resolve this question, this Comment examines historical data on Massachusetts taxpayer groups and on their activities and assesses the significance of their composition and tactics to the certificate-of-need process. Although flaws exist in the Massachusetts ten-taxpayer mechanism, in this writer's view it has succeeded partially in making the certificate-of-need process responsive to community opinion. Many groups lack the skills and qualities needed to make constructive use of the ten-taxpayer mechanism. Nevertheless, it serves a valuable purpose by creating a public forum for and by encouraging public participation in the certificate-of-need process, especially by those who might otherwise try to circumvent that process through use of special legislation, of private pressure, or of other similar means.     

Implementation evaluation: A future direction in project evaluation

The problem of implementation failure is an important component in the evaluation of criminal justice projects. In general, the issue of project implementation has been neglected by organizational researchers and evaluation specialists as well as by policymakers and program developers. In direct contrast to the existing pattern, we stress the importance of organizational factors and the relationships between individuals and organizations for the successful implementation and institutionalization of criminal justice projects.