What Do Prosecutors Maximize? Evidence from the Careers of U.S. Attorneys

This study examines the performance of chief federal prosecutors(U.S. attorneys) and their subsequent careers. In a sample of570 attorneys in office from 1969 to 2000, the length of prisonsentences is positively related to subsequent favorable careeroutcomes for U.S. attorneys. In contrast, conviction rates donot appear to affect the careers of U.S. attorneys. These resultsare consistent with longer total prison sentences’ beingpersonally beneficial to prosecutors, and prosecutors’maximizing the length of prison sentences. Overall, the resultssuggest that sentence length, as opposed to convictions rates,is the relevant performance metric.     

长征在马克思主义中国化进程中的历史作用

中国工农红军的长征,对于马克思主义中国化来说无疑有着深刻的影响,它推动中国共产党人进行了深刻的理论思考,使他们认识到将马克思主义基本原理同中国具体实际相结合的重要性,从而加速了马克思主义中国化的历史进程。长征的胜利,不仅使党和红军从危机中获得了新生,改变了中国革命的面貌,也充分展示了中国共产党人的崇高理想和英雄气概。     

"First pass phenomenon" of inhaled gas in the fire victims

We investigated the differences in the levels of carboxyhemoglobin (COHb), cyanide (HCN) and petroleum fuels (gasoline and kerosene) between left and right ventricular bloods from fire victims. COHb was slightly, and HCN and petroleum fuels were markedly higher levels in the left than those in the right. These effects were so called 'first pass phenomena' due to the circulation, diffusion and metabolization before the deaths of fire victims.     

Acidic and neutral drugs screen in blood with quantitation using microbore high-performance liquid chromatography–diode array detection and capillary gas chromatography–flame ionization detection

Blood previously acidified with aqueous saturated ammonium chloride solution was extracted with ethyl acetate. The dried extract was subjected to acetonitrile–hexane partition. The acetonitrile portion was analysed for the presence of acidic and neutral drugs by HPLC–DAD (200 mm×2.1 mm I.D. microbore ODS-Hypersil column) and GC–FID (25 m narrow-bore×0.25 mm I.D. HP-5 column with 0.33 μm film thickness). The protocol was found to be suitable for both clinical toxicology (including emergency toxicology) and postmortem toxicology. At least 66 drugs of interest were unequivocally identified by RRTs (HPLC) and UV spectra (DAD) match while another 12 were unequivocally identified by double RRTs match (HPLC and GC). Quantitation was facilitated by incorporating calibration blood standards in each assay batch. The five drugs most commonly encountered in clinical blood specimens (1150 cases) were: paracetamol (47.4% of the cases); chlormezanone (6.6%), theophylline (1.74%), naproxen (1.65%) and mefenamic acid (1.56%). The following drugs were detected in toxicologically significant quantities in postmortem blood specimens (245 cases): phenobarbitone (1.22% of the cases), naproxen (0.82%), chlormezanone (0.82%), theophylline (0.82%), carbamazepine (0.41%) and paracetamol (0.41%).     

Isolation of the DNA minisatellite probe MZ 1.3 and its application to DNA 'fingerprinting' analysis

A minisatellite probe, MZ 1.3, detecting hypervariable fragment patterns was isolated from a human genomic library. A repetitive sequence of 27 bp length was identified which is contained in the probe approx. 40 times. The MZ 1.3 repeat shows variable homology of 53-73% to the repetitive sequence of the protein III gene of the bacteriophage M13 genome. Polymorphic restriction fragment patterns were found with MZ 1.3 using the enzymes Hinf I, BstN I, Hae III, Mbo I, PstI/Pvu II, and Rsa I. An average of 18 polymorphic fragments was observed using Hinf I as enzyme. The band sharing frequency after Hinf I digestion among unrelated individuals was determined to be 23.8 +/- 7.2%. An example for the application of MZ 1.3 to paternity testing in an incest case is given. The probe can be used with radioactive or non-radioactive detection systems. An approach is presented to compare polymorphic fragment patterns from individuals obtained by independent gel runs on the basis of relative band positions (RBP) and calculated in a computerized analysis.     

贺怡之死

贺怡，毛泽覃的妻子，贺子珍的妹妹。１９２７年同哥哥贺敏学、姐姐贺同时当选为永新县临时县委委员，后一直在南方坚持游击战争，一度与党联系。西安事变时，她重新与组织接上关系，后被国民党反动派逮捕，她自杀以示共产党员的气节，但她奇迹般地活了下来。在延安，毛泽东为她术单上签了字，手术后，她的胃只剩下三分之一，人也瘦得只有８０多斤，仍然不倦地工作着。东北全境解放前夕，贺子珍带着毛岸青和李敏从苏联回国，住在哈尔１９４９年５月，毛泽东派人到哈尔滨把毛岸青和李敏接到自己身边，但没让珍同往。这一年，毛泽东见到了贺怡…     

心中装着孩子们的音乐家——记麦新及其儿童歌曲创作

“大刀向鬼子们的头上砍去……”这首不朽的歌曲，在如火如荼的抗日战争中，曾经激励着中华民族的优秀儿女英勇奋战在抗日的最前线。这首歌的作者麦新的名字也随着歌声不胫而走。然而，麦新在抗日战争中为教育千百万儿童大众所创作的儿童歌曲和创作思想却鲜为人知。麦新，原名孙默心。,-,.年出生于上海的一个小资产阶级的家庭。,-/0年中学二年级时，因父亲逝世而辍学。为求生路，他白天去拾煤渣，捡破烂。夜晚则借着路灯自学。,-/-年考取了“美亚保险公司”为职员。,-1/年,月/2日，日寇进攻上海的炮声震撼了他年轻的心灵。他毅然放弃公司职…     

Court Awards of Damages for Loss of Future Earnings: An Empirical Study and an Alternative Method of Calculation

This article examines the effect upon damages for personal injury of methods used in the United States of America to calculate loss of future earnings. The work of lawyers is examined from the perspective of labour economists. The damages calculated by using these alternative methods are compared with those actually awarded in over a hundred cases determined by courts in England and Wales. This interdisciplinary and comparative study reveals that the tort system fails to satisfy one of its main objectives in that it does not provide recipients of damages with 'full' compensation.