饶勒斯的社会主义思想评析

在饶勒斯的社会主义思想中既有积极因素,也有消极因素.他具有真诚的社会主义信念和对无产阶级事业的献身精神,严厉谴责资本主义制度和各种反动势力,为反对帝国主义战争进行了不懈斗争.但是,他在哲学思想上倾向于唯心主义和折衷主义,在政治策略上主张通过和平、渐进、改良的方法向社会主义过渡,支持米勒兰入阁;他不赞成伯恩施坦对马克思主义的全面否定,又力图调和马克思主义与修正主义之间的原则分歧.总的来说,他作为真诚的社会主义者和反对帝国主义战争的坚强战士,对法国以及世界社会主义运动作出了重要贡献.     

A Desultory Defense of Democracy: OAS Resolution 1080 and the Inter-American Democratic Charter

This article evaluates the effectiveness of OAS mechanisms for safeguarding democracy through multilateral diplomacy, what some scholars have dubbed the interamerican defense of democracy regime. Drawing on a range of international relations theories, this study derives competing hypotheses about member states' responses to democratic crises in the Americas. It then analyzes all instances in which a collective response—that is, an application of Resolution 1080 or the Inter-American Democratic Charter—was debated in the OAS between 1991 and 2002. Patterns of state behavior suggest that domestic politics, rather than the structural or systemic traits of the interamerican system, best explain foreign policy responses to crises of democracy in the region. The OAS record in confronting such crises is uneven.     

The judicial role in life-sustaining medical treatment decisions.

Although there has been speculation regarding the pervasiveness and nature of judicial decisions regarding life-sustaining medical treatment (LSMT), no attempt has been made to empirically assess their prevalence or the issues they address. An exploratory study utilizing a mail survey of a nationwide random sample (N = 905) of state trial court judges was conducted to provide initial information regarding this decision-making process. Twenty-two percent of the responding judges had heard at least one LSMT case, and judicial review did not appear endemic to particular states. The number of judges hearing LSMT cases dropped from 1975 to 1981 but has increased since then. Three major issues predominate: patient competency, appointment of a surrogate decisionmaker, and resolution of the ultimate issue of forgoing LSMT. Relatively few cases either contested a prior directive's validity or involved imposing sanctions for instituting or forgoing LSMT. Although subject to different interpretations, the results suggest the courts are having a significant impact on certain aspects of the LSMT decision-making process. However, the infrequency with which any one judge is called upon to make an LSMT decision causes concern about the judiciary's ability to respond in a timely and appropriate manner. With their potential for a profound effect on the actions of health care providers, greater attention to this decision-making process is warranted.     

A unique case of congenital bilateral absence of parietal bones in a neonate

The remains of an unidentified female neonate were discovered in a field in central Missouri. Examination revealed bilateral absence of the parietal bones. A search of the literature describing similar defects suggests that the present case represents a unique condition, described here for the first time.     

以色列教育发展与现代化

以色列从一个资源贫乏的弹丸小国一跃发展成为中东非产油国家中现代化程度最高和最富裕的国家,主要源于以色列人对教育的执着追求。以色列成功实现现代化的深层次原因在于它坚定不移、一以贯之地实施教育兴国的现代化发展战略。教育为加速进行工业化提供了重要的动力源泉,为实现农业现代化奠定了物质基础,最终推动了人的素质的现代化。以色列坚持教育兴国战略的经验,值得发展中国家借鉴。     

限于青少年期型反社会行为的发展特点研究

根据反社会行为纵向发展的持续性或稳定性，可将其划分为限于青少年期型和持续终生型两类。限于青少年期型反社会行为的发生具有普遍性，但这种普遍性并不代表严重性；在发展趋势上，这类行为较集中地开始于青春期，停止于成年前后，缺乏贯穿儿童期、青春期至成年期的持续性。研究表明，个体在青少年时期出现反社会行为是一种群体性社会现象，并不代表个人程度的越轨，限于青少年期型反社会行为并不是犯罪预防的重点。我们应正确认识这类行为的性质，以对之采取适当的干预措施。     

新时期中越关系的坚实基础

1991年11月中越《联合公报》指出,两国发展睦邻友好关系的基础是和平共处五项原则,这是我国同所建交国发展关系最根本的原则,     

居安思危——苏共亡党的历史教训8集DVD教育参考片解说词(续)

第五集 苏共的特权阶层 1988年秋天,位于莫斯科格拉诺夫斯基大街2号的一家商店门前,突然聚集起成百上千的人,一家不大的商店,为什么能产生如此大的新闻效应,引起如此多的人们关注呢?     

新生大鼠大脑皮质神经元原代培养方法的建立及其活性鉴定

采用倒置相差显微镜、环境扫描电子显微镜对新生24 h内SD大鼠大脑皮质原代培养的神经元进行了形态学观察,建立了大脑皮质神经元原代培养方法。应用2.5μg/mL阿糖胞苷(Ara-C)对培养3 d的神经元进行24 h干预,去除神经胶质细胞、成纤维细胞、神经干细胞等杂质细胞,以提高神经元产率;用Nissl’s染色法进行神经元鉴定;利用微量滴定(MTT)法测定了一个培养周期(约10 d)的神经元活性分布。光学显微镜观察结果表明,培养至第4 h绝大多数神经元已贴壁生长,胞体上可见1~2个细小突起;培养至第3 d、第6 d时,Nissl’s染色结果显示,加Ara-C能显著提高神经元纯度(≥92%);MTT结合形态学观察结果表明,神经元培养至第6 d时活性最强,细胞呈卵圆形、蜘蛛状、锥体状等多种形态,细胞胞体饱满,光晕明显,神经网络形成完整。