Policing built environment crime risks: the role of police in CPTED in New South Wales,Australia*

Crime prevention through environmental design (CPTED) is now routinely adopted in many parts of the world. The role assumed by police in CPTED practices has however received limited academic attention. Through an analysis of available documentation and interviews with local government planners from 10 Sydney councils, this article provides a (partial) understanding of the historical and contemporary roles police have played in the development and implementation of CPTED guidelines in New South Wales (NSW), Australia. It is argued that the NSW Police Force was a pivotal driver of the introduction of planning guidelines to ensure crime risks are considered when new developments are being planned. However, the ongoing contribution of police appears to have waned, largely due to administrative, practical and operational realities. These findings have relevance for ongoing CPTED practice and the work of specialist policing roles more generally.     

Binge Drinking,Greek-Life Membership,and First-Year Undergraduates: The “Perfect Storm” for Drugging Victimization

ABSTRACT

Drugging victimization is an understudied phenomenon. This study examines the relationship between the campus party culture and drugging victimization. Campus party culture has been shown to influence risk of other types of victimization, and there is reason to believe it may also influence drugging victimization. Using three behavioral indicators of participation in the campus party culture—binge drinking, Greek life membership, and first-year student status—this study estimates the main effect of each indicator, and their interaction, on undergraduates’ rates of drugging victimization. Estimating a generalized linear model using a large random sample (N = 6,931) from three universities, results show that each party culture variable and their three-way interaction significantly influenced students’ rate of drugging victimization. Sorority members who were first-year students and binge drank at least once in the past month had significantly higher rates of drugging victimization compared to all other groups of students.     

Can Policy to Address Some Disability Rights Mitigate Weak Approaches to Others?

Governments prioritize some rights over others because of policy constraints. We ask whether differential disability policy priorities can readdress other unrealized rights when applied to services for people with disabilities in boarding houses in Australia. The housing is inappropriate to their support needs and breaches their immediate right to unsegregated housing. Findings about the government-funded support showed that their well-being improved, but the housing increased their support needs and reduced their eligibility for suitable housing, implying that support policies that prioritize progressive realization rights are not successful where immediate realization rights to housing remain unaddressed. These findings about the negative social outcomes from ignoring human rights hierarchies have implications for policy priorities.     

Book Reviews

Linda S. Frey and Marsha L. Frey, The History of Diplomatic Immunity (Ohio State University Press: Columbus, Ohio, 1999), 727 pp. ISBN 0–8142–0740–5.

Winfried Baumgart, The Crimean War 1853–1856 (London: Edward Arnold, 1999). 244pp. £16.99 pb; £45 hb.

Bill Nasson, The South African War 1899–1902 (London: Arnold, 1999). xvi + 304 pp., maps. £45 hb ISBN 0–340–741546; £16.99 pb ISBN 0–340–614277.

Yigal Sheffy, British Military Intelligence in the Palestine Campaign 1914–1918 (London and Portland, OR: Frank Cass, 1998). xviii + 380 pp. ISBN 0–7146–4677.

Carolyn J. Kitching, Britain and the Problem of International Disarmament 1919–1934 (London and New York: Routledge, 1999). viii + 223 pp. £50.

Ray Moseley, Mussolini's Shadow. The Double Life of Count Galeazzo Ciano (New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1999). 302 pp. £19.95 hb ISBN 0–300–07917–6.

Peter Neville, Appeasing Hitler: The Diplomacy of Sir Nevile Henderson, 1937–39 (Houndmills and London: Macmillan Press Ltd and New York: St. Martin's Press, Inc., 2000). xv + 237 pp. £45 hb ISBN 0–333–73987–6.

Penderel Moon (ed.), Wavell: The Viceroy's Journal (Karachi: Oxford University Press, 1997). xvi + 528 pp.; illus. No price given, hb ISBN 0–19–577128–1.

Gerald Stourzh, Um Einheit und Freiheit. Staatsvertrag, Neutralität und das Ende der Ost‐West‐Besetzung Österreichs 1945–1955 (Vienna: Böhlau Verlag, 1998), 831 pp.

Sue Onslow, Backbench Debate within the Conservative Party and Its Influence on British Foreign Policy, 1948–57 (London: Macmillan, 1997). xiii + 334 pp. ISBN 0–333–65637–7.     

One blood

This article demonstrates the connectedness of members of the human family with each other and all of creation; discusses the nature of injury, sin, and woundedness; and offers examples of how cultivating countercultural appreciation for silence and self-knowledge is the basis for reconciliation and justice. the article also draws significantly on a number of spiritual traditions and contemporary psychology to flesh out the teachings of jesus, "love your enemies, bless them that curse you, and pray for those who persecute you." although many traditions are cited, the primary lens used for viewing this teaching is midrash, or reflection, on the aramaic language and culture--the language and culture of jesus. with these various spiritual and psychological perspectives, connections are drawn between our community of inner voices, our exterior community, whether family, intentional, activist, or faith community, and the global/cosmic community.     

The effectiveness of relapse prevention training in a group of incarcerated child molesters

Abstract

A sample of child molesters participating in the U.K. prison sex offender treatment programme (SOTP) were required to complete a relapse prevention questionnaire before and after treatment. Results indicated that there were significant improvements in both awareness of risk situations and coping strategies, as measured by this instrument, through treatment. Nine months after the end of treatment most agreed to complete the questionnaire again. Those who had shown significant changes in terms of reduction of pro-offending attitudes through treatment maintained their RP skills. Men whose attitudes had not changed, although evidencing good RP skills at the end of treatment, were found to have lost these. This was most noticeable among men who had been released into the community and who had undergone a relatively short amount of therapy on the original SOTP (80 hours). These results indicate that RP training is only really useful where individuals have genuinely changed through treatment; and that the RP training should only be undertaken as part of an extensive treatment programme covering all areas of offending behaviour.     

GENTLEMAN SPIES IN ASIA

This article covers the gathering of intelligence in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries in Asia, particularly in Turkey, the Caucasus and Central Asia. Inevitably, the Great Game and concerns about Russian intentions loomed large. Initially most information was gathered informally, by travellers, by officers on leave, by civilians, by explorers. And although over time there was a gradual move towards greater professionalism, official resources for information-gathering were very limited until the outbreak of the Great War. The article ends with details of the exploits of men such as William Childs, Norman Bray, Reginald Teague-Jones and Ely Sloane.     

Developments of interest to the Commonwealth in the regulation of international disaster response, 2008–09

This article summarizes key developments of interest to the Commonwealth in the regulation of international disaster response over the last year. It includes discussion of global and regional instruments impacting on Commonwealth states as well as steps taken at the national level by some Commonwealth members.     

Peer Group Delinquency and Sexual Victimization: Does Popularity Matter?

Though a large body of research has found that peer social network characteristics influence both offending and victimization, relatively little is known about the influence of social network characteristics on adolescent sexual victimization. Attractiveness and sociability largely indicate popularity for teenage females, which in turn leads to earlier onset of dating, greater dating options, and potential risk of sexual victimization—an observation not tested in the criminological and criminal justice literature. We suggest and evaluate 2 competing hypotheses: that popularity within a network insulates females from sexual victimization and that popularity may increase exposure to delinquent others and facilitate sexual victimization. Results suggest that popularity does not have a consistent effect but instead that its role is conditioned by the deviance of the network. Popularity is associated with an increase in the likelihood of victimization when peer deviance is high but with a decrease when peer deviance is low. We further demonstrate that an interaction between a female's own drinking and the proportion of her friends that are male strongly affects her likelihood of sexual victimization. Implications for policy and future research are explored.     

Criminalizing Big Tobacco: Legal Mobilization and the Politics of Responsibility for Health Risks in the United States

This article reinterprets the discursive terms and cultural meanings that redefined the legal campaign against Big Tobacco during recent decades. We underline the palpable shift from a conventional tort‐based logic of products liability claims, which most analysts emphasize, to a logic incorporating key features identified with criminal law or “crimtorts.” The study builds on legal mobilization theory and combines narrative history of events with systematic analysis of media coverage across a twenty‐year period to demonstrate how Big Tobacco was criminalized over two decades.