Politics of municipal property taxes: implications for decision‐making

Abstract: Property taxes are one of the few, important mechanisms through which municipal governments can exercise a measure of autonomy and determine policies that shape their local communities. Property taxes account for almost half of a municipality's own‐source revenues. Ideally, decisions surrounding property‐tax assessments could be based on criteria related to such things as equity, efficiency and stability. A closer examination of property‐tax assessments between property classes in Northern British Columbian municipalities, however, suggests that the setting of tax rates appears to be an incremental, rather than systematic, process that builds on past experiences, current demands, and observation of the practices of nearby municipalities. These findings suggest that property‐tax policy development is a poorly understood process that can have significant implications for the economic health of local municipalities. Sommaire: Les taxes fanciers ne sont que l'un des quelques rares et impotents mécanismes au moyen desquels les Governments municipaux prevent exercer une certain autonomic et determiner les propitious qui faqonnent leurs communautés locales. Les taxes foncières représentent près de la moitié des recettes d'une munici‐palité. En principe, les décisions entourant les évaluations de taxes foncières pour‐raient reposer sur des critères se rapportant à des facteurs comme l'équité, l'efficience et la stabilité. Un examen plus attentif d'évaluations des taxes foncières de différentes catégories dans les municipalités du Nord de la Colombie‐Britannique laisse entendre que l'établissement des taux de taxes semble être un processus pro‐gressif plutôt que systématique, reposant sur les expériences passées, les demandes actuelles et l'observation des pratiques des municipalités environnantes. Ces résul‐tats donnent à penser que l'élaboration d'une politique en matière de taxes foncières est un processus mal compris qui pourrait avoir d'importantes répercussions sur la santééconomique des municipalités locales.     

How women use family networks to facilitate migration: A comparative study of Irish and Polish women in Britain

Within migration studies there has been a tendency to focus on a single case study of a particular national group. Adopting a comparative approach may raise new and interesting questions or challenge conventional thinking on migration. While on the surface, at least, Irish and Polish migrants would appear to have many commonalities, there has been surprisingly little comparative analysis of these two groups. Drawing on my own research on these migrants in the British context, I focus on women as a large but under-researched aspect of both groups. This paper suggests ways in which such a comparison could be undertaken by using social networks as a useful comparative tool. A social networks perspective not only allows a probing analysis of migration strategies, but also provides a framework within which to compare across different migrant groups, such as for example, examining the role of family networks (here and there) in migration processes. In addition, this approach enables an examination of dynamism over time and how migrants develop relationships within spatially dispersed as well as locally embedded ties.     

Type and extent of child abuse as predictors of adult functioning

Child abuse is associated with a variety of difficulties later in life. However, it is unclear to what extent these outcomes are related to the type and combinations of abuse (i.e., sexual versus physical) rather than the variable characteristics within each type. Information regarding child abuse histories as well as current functioning was gathered from a community sample of 259 working women. Incest and severe physical abuse were each associated with similar symptoms, with people who were more severely abused showing worse outcomes. Those women who were both physically and sexually abused had less favorable outcomes than those abused in only one manner. The effects of abuse could not be understood without taking combinations of different types and severities into account. The implications of the similarities of the outcomes of severe sexual and physical abuse were discussed.     

Judicial Decisions and Policy

This symposium debates the impact of High Court decisions by questioning whether the High Court has the constitutional and legislative authority (and possibly the moral right) to decide policy issues and determine the rights of citizens. Arguments on the role of the High Court vary from views that the High Court provides a sphere in which political interests may be lobbied to notions that its role is solely to interpret the Australian Constitution. However, what occurs when the political aspirations of government are in conflict with the decisions of the High Court? Should the High Court adapt judicial decisions to changing social views, or consider the implications of their decisions on the executive and legislature? What is the constitutional role of the High Court? These questions are explored in detail in the following articles.     

The Burger Court's View of the Relationship Between the States and Their Municipalities

This article examines selected Burger Court cases concerningmunicipal antitrust immunity in order to determine whether theU.S. Supreme Court has a theoretical perspective on the relationshipbetween the states and their municipalities. After delineatingthe constitutional position of municipalities through an examinationof key Court cases and Dillon's rule, the study explores thederivative status of state-action immunity to municipalitiesin antitrust suits. In two significant cases, including oneinvolving a home rule city, the Burger Court has refused togrant municipalities the state-action exemption granted statesunder the Sherman Act. But, in reinforcing the unitary relationshipbetween the states and their municipalities, the Court has notaddressed Dillon's rule or the ambiguities inherent in denyingmunicipalities the residual powers of local self-government.     

Le modéle-idéal de gestion des professionnels: le point de vue des gestionnaires

Sommaire: Le nombre de professionnels salariés croict de façon réguliere sur le marche du travail. Pourtant, selon certains auteurs, les grandes organisations bureaucratiques n'auraient pas suffisamment pris en compte les aspirations et valeurs des travailleurs intellectuels. II existerait, dans le secteur public, un malaise generalise et constaté, y compris le sentiment de nombreux professionnels que leur organisation ne les valorise pas vraiment. Pour satisfaire leurs aspirations, il s'agirait de mettre en place des pratiques de gestion des ressources humaines innovatrices favorisant une meilleure atmosphère de travail, une nouvelle forme de pensée oú l'integrite professionnelle et les finalites organisationnelles seraient maintenues et valorisées. Le but de l'article est de cerner le point de vue des gestionnaires sur la façon de gerer la main-d'oeuvre professionnelle dans leurs organisations. Cette analyse sera effectuee a partir du modele-idéal de gestion des professionnels. Notre etude démontre qu'il serait possible de satisfaire davantage les aspirations professionnelles en matière d'intégration des nouveaux employés, d'appreciation du travail par le superieur, d'amenagement du temps de travail, de signature du travail et d'autonomie. Cependant, les besoins de participation, de communication, de developpe-ment de la carriere et de responsabilisation des professionnels seraient plus difficiles a combler dans des milieux de travail ou il y a centralisation de la prise de decision. Enfin, en matière de mobilite, les aspirations professionnelles seraient limitees par diverses clauses de conventions collectives, de meme que par le type de culture qui existe actuellement dans les organisations du secteur public. Abstract: The number of salaried professionals in the labour market is growing steadily. According to some writers, however, large bureaucratic organizations have not taken sufficient account of the values and expectations of non-manual workers. These writers contend that within the public sector a generalized malaise is expressed in several ways, including the feeling among many professionals that they are not truly appreciated by their organization. To deal with these expectations, innovative human resources management practices should be adopted to promote a better work atmosphere and new thinking through which professional integrity and organizational purposes could be maintained and enhanced. This article seeks to define the perspective of managers on the management of professional employees within their organizations. The analysis begins with the presentation of an ideal model of professional management and shows that it is possible to meet more effectively professional expectations in the field of new-employee integration, work appréciation by superiors, timetable adjustments, work recognition and responsibility. Satisfying professional needs for participation, communication, career development arid empowerment would be more difficult in organizations where decision-making is centralized. Finally, regarding mobility, professional expectations would be limited by several collective-agreement clauses, as well as by the type of corporate culture that presently prevails in public-sector organizations.