Does transformational leadership stimulate user orientation? Evidence from a field experiment

While doing good for specific citizens and users is often considered a powerful motivator among public service employees, little research has rigorously evaluated how public managers can promote individualized prosocial motivation. We follow recent studies on the behavioural implications of ‘user orientation’ to explore how public managers can use a specific leadership strategy—transformational leadership—to reinforce employees' individualized prosocial motivation. Combining a field experiment with 80 childcare centre managers and survey reports from their 590 preschool teachers, we assess the effect of a transformational leadership training programme on user orientation. The results show a positive effect on user orientation three months after the training programme but no persistent effect 15 months after the intervention. This implies that, at least in the short term, public managers can use transformational leadership behaviours to stimulate user orientation.     

Comparison of outcomes of patients with personality disorder to patients with mental illness,following discharge from medium secure hospital: systematic review

Background: Medium secure hospitals (MSHs) are costly yet outcome studies, particularly regarding the differential effects of diagnosis, are scant. Research Question: Are there differences in outcomes after MSH discharge for patients with PD compared to patients with mental illness (MI): systematic review. Method: Systematically reviewed studies which distinguished outcomes for patients with PD from those with MI, regarding reconvictions, readmissions and/or mortality rates. Results: From eight studies, comprising 1017 patients, mean reconviction rates per 100,000 person-years for patients with PD were higher (14,369) than those with MI (7799). However, mean readmission and mortality rates were lower (8403 and 668 per 100,000 person-years) compared to those with MI (13,390 and 1083) per 100,000 person-years. Conclusions: Diagnosis appears to differentially impact on reconviction, readmission and mortality rates. Services could tailor pathways to prioritise symptom management and promoting healthy lifestyles for patients with MI, and reducing reoffending for patients with PD.     

Procedural justice in policing: the first phase of an Australian longitudinal study of officer attitudes and intentions

Despite the prominent role that procedural justice has taken in policing research, we know surprisingly little about police perceptions of procedural justice as an effective tool in their encounters with members of the public. In this study, we start with a focus on the perceptions of police recruits in a major police service, exploring their perceptions of procedural justice and its role in policing. Using data from a questionnaire of 450 police recruits in the early stages of their initial training, we find that orientations supportive of procedural justice significantly predict reported intentions to use procedural justice approaches in interacting with others, as well as the prioritization of procedural justice responses to a typical policing encounter (traffic violation). We also find that belief in an obligation to obey the law is significantly associated with perceived procedural justice outcomes. We argue that early supportive orientations towards procedural justice may be important in understanding police officers’ future interactions with members of the public, promoting positive evaluations of justice among citizens, and minimizing the risk of coercive encounters involving officer use of force.     

Que sont devenus les fidèles fonctionnaires de I'administration publique canadienne?

La Fonction publique canadienne vit, depuis quelques années, un important changement culturel: les programmes et services ont ete repensés, les méthodes administratives modifiées, les services à la clientèle adaptés aux nouvelles technologies, et la taille de lÉtat considérablement réduite. Des programmes d'encourage-ment au départ anticipé ont été offerts à de nombreux employés. Pourquoi a-t-on décidé de quitter la Fonction publique canadienne? Si tout était à recommencer, prendrait-on la même décision, au même moment et aux mêmes conditions? Comment réagit-on à la perte d'emploi?À quels types d'activites consacre-t-on son temps depuis que l'on a quitté son emploi? Y a-t-il des projets d'avenir? Les reponses a ces questions different-elles selon que l'on est aujourd'hui retraité ou retraité-actif? 930 ex-fonctionnaires de l'administration publique canadienne de la région du Québec ont été interrogés, dont 616 retraités et 314 retraités-actifs. Des différences ont été observées entre les deux groupes en termes de profils, de motivations à quitter la Fonction publique canadienne, de valeurs et d'intérêts, de réactions vis-à-vis de la perte d'emploi et en terme de réceptivité vis-à-vis les alternatives au départ anticipé qu'aurait pu leur offrir la Fonction publique canadienne. Également, les analyses montrent que la Fonction publique canadienne a manifesté un intérêt très limité dans la mise en place de stratégies qui lui auraient permis de maintenir en emploi une bonne proportion de pré-retraités qui auraient préféré, par exemple, le désengage-ment progressif à la fin d'emploi. Abstract: There has been a major cultural change over the last few years within the Canadian Public Service: programs and services were reformulated, administrative methods were modified, client services were adapted to new technologies, and the scope of the government has been greatly reduced. Early-retirement incentive programs were offered to many employees. Why would an individual decide to leave the Canadian Public Service? Were he or she to start all over again, would the same decision, at the same time and under the same conditions, be taken? How is the individual responding to the loss of employment? To what type of activities is time devoted since leaving employment? Are there projects with a future? Are the answers to these questions different depending on whether or not the individual is retired? Nine hundred and thirty former Canadian public administration employees in the Quebec area, including 616 retired and 314 retired but working, were interviewed. Differences were noted between the two groups in terms of profile, reasons for leaving the Canadian Public Service, values and interests, reactions to the loss of employment, and receptivity to the alternatives (other than early retirement) that the Canadian Public Service could have offered them. Analyses also show that very little interest was shown by the Canadian Public Service for implementing strategies that would have allowed it to retain among its employees a high proportion of early retirees who would have preferred, for example, gradual disengagement instead of outright termination.     

What's Gender Got to Do with It? Incivility in the Federal Courts

The current study examines experiences of interpersonal mistreatment in federal litigation among a random sample of 4,608 practicing attorneys. Using both quantitative and qualitative survey data, we documented the nature and interplay of general incivility, gender-related incivility, and unwanted sexual attention. Nearly 75% of female attorneys had experienced some form of this misconduct in the previous five years, compared to half of male attorneys. An in-depth examination of instigators revealed that not only fellow attorneys but also federal judges, court personnel, marshals, and court security officers instigated the inappropriate behavior. We further found that most attorneys responded to this mistreatment with avoidance and denial; few used or trusted existing reporting mechanisms. The current study surpassed simple prevalence estimates to document effects of interpersonal mistreatment on the professional well-being of targeted attorneys. We discuss implications of these results, drawing on theories of social dominance, sex-role spillover, cognitive stress, organizations, and intervention.