马克思、恩格斯"社会存在"范畴的多维度阐释

"社会存在"是马克思主义唯物史观的一个极为重要的范畴,正确理解这个范畴是把握唯物史观的基本前提.从一定意义上讲,整个历史唯物主义就是建筑在对这个基本范畴科学理解的基础上的.社会存在范畴源于马克思和恩格斯,因此要正确理解社会存在范畴,就应该从马克思主义经典作家的文本出发.     

Drug screening and confirmation by GC-MS: comparison of EMIT II and Online KIMS against 10 drugs between US and England laboratories

Drug screening through urinalysis is a widely accepted tool for rapid detection of potential drug use at a relatively low cost. It is, therefore, a potentially useful method for detecting and monitoring drug use in a variety of contexts such as the criminal justice system, pre-employment screening and a variety of treatment centers. This article explores the efficacy of two commercially available drug-screening assays: Online KIMS assay (Roche) and EMIT II assays. First, we evaluate the sensitivity and specificity of two immunoassays. A total of 738 urine samples were collected among adult arrestee populations from Chicago, New Orleans and Seattle through the Arrestee Drug Abuse Monitoring (ADAM) program. Partial samples were split within one laboratory and analyzed by both enzymes multiplied immunoassay technique (EMIT) II and kinetic interaction of microparticle in solution (KIMS) assays for a 10-drug panel (amphetamine, barbiturates, benzodiazepines, marijuana, cocaine, methadone, methaqualone, opiate, phencyclidine and propoxyphene). Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was used as a confirmation method for all positives from either EMIT II or KIMS for all experiments. Second, the paper examines whether using different testing laboratories plays a role in the final results. The same experiments were repeated at two different testing locations: one in California and one in London and England. Third, the paper studies whether drug testing results vary between two laboratories when each of them had used their own routine screening method: the Forensic Science Service (FSS) at Birmingham, United Kingdom with KIMS assay and Medscreen Limited at London, United Kingdom with EMIT II. In summary, both EMIT II and KIMS assays generate fairly consistent results. The concordance rate against each of the 10 drugs tested is relatively high (97.4-100%). The discrepancies, in most cases, occurred at drug concentrations near the cut-off levels. There were more discrepant results between two laboratories compared to when specimens were analyzed at the same laboratory using two different assays.     

Importance of radiological diagnosis applied to necroscopy

The authors evaluate the consequences of incomplete necroscopic examinations wherein it was impossible to apply radiological resources to locate firearm projectiles. The study includes 8185 reports from the Instituto Médico-Legal Afranio Peixoto in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, representing the totality of corpses processed from January to December 2001; of these, 3122 were gunshot victims, 309 of which were buried with unremoved projectiles, being liable to future judicial reappraisal. During the same period, there were 23 exhumation requests by police authorities, 12 of them querying the existence of projectiles. The authors looked into the formal reasons assumed by the medico legal experts to conclude their reports from incomplete examinations, and suggest that gunshot necroscopic examinations should follow specific protocols, as incomplete autopsies will require further exhumations, at unnecessary additional costs.     

小鼠皮肤切创愈合过程中iNOS和eNOS表达的免疫组织化学研究

目的观察小鼠皮肤切创愈合过程中,iNOS和eNOS在损伤区及损伤周边区内的表达及其变化规律。方法小鼠背部制作全层切创,应用免疫组织化学技术观察伤后切创组织中iNOS和eNOS的表达,并和无切创的小鼠作为对照。结果损伤区及损伤周边区细胞,伤后3h的损伤皮肤组织中可见少量的多型核细胞表达iNOS和eNOS,伤后6～24h,大部分浸润的中性粒细胞和单核细胞为iNOS和eNOS阳性。随着时间的延长,iNOS和eNOS阳性细胞以单核细胞和成纤维细胞为主。伤后3hiNOS的阳性细胞比率较低,6h～1d持续性增加并于1d达到最高峰,3～7d维持在一个相对稳定的水平直至伤后10d再次达高峰,10～14d开始下降。eNOS的阳性细胞率在伤后1～3h表达较低,6h～3d持续性增高,并在3d达到最高峰,在其后的5d内保持稳定表达,之后开始下降。而且损伤区及损伤周边区、特别是肉芽组织内的新生血管可见iNOS和eNOS不同强度的表达。结论小鼠皮肤切创愈合过程中,iNOS和eNOS在损伤周边区内多型核细胞、单核细胞和成纤维细胞中表达,其时序性变化可望用于皮肤损伤时间的推断。     

刑事诉讼法治的困境与出路 --一个皮格马利翁效应的神话

在社会现代化转型阶段,直面内在冲突和外在冲击的刑事司法存在着诉讼角色预期的左右为难和诉讼运行机制的艰难困境.在"折中"、"兼顾"、"相结合"或者多元化的思路指导下的刑事诉讼立法完善,即使排除普遍存在的"矛盾"达到逻辑论证的完美,也可能在实践中寸步难行,而且往往也能为各种理论错误和操作失误从内含各种对立的矛盾中"各取所需"寻找到借口.     

精神病犯服刑能力评定量表研究

目的制订符合中国法律体系的精神病犯服刑能力评定量表。方法根据鉴定实践,结合中国法律,研究者首先创建了称为“精神病犯服刑能力评定量表”的评定工具,然后再回顾性运用该工具,通过诊断性实验,对该工具的信度、效度及实用性进行了检验。结果该量表同质性信度为0.8779,量表评定与专家评定一致性为0.909,除了阴性似然比为0.0683,其他诊断性指标均大于0.80。结论精神病犯服刑能力评定量表具有较好的实用性。     

重构主客体关系坚持可持续发展战略

人类基于自身几千年的历史进程或社会发展正反经验的深刻反思,醒悟到必须重构主客体关系以利于社会的存在和健康发展,而这种"重构"又是以可持续战略为目标模式进行的。     

对刑事诉讼法再修改的几点建议

刑事诉讼法的修改已被提到本届人大立法日程上来,其修改论证也正在如火如荼地进行之中。但人们的目光多聚焦在原则、框架、理念上,鲜有对具体的操作程序进行详细考察论证的。而作为操作规程的诉讼法,其每一个细微之处的设计都是不能忽略的,如刑事诉讼法中的职能与职权划分的界线及特赦的问题,已死亡被刑事追诉者的非法财产追究问题,强制措施中的某些具体操作环节问题,羁押期限延长的合理性问题,二审中发回重审裁定中的问题等,否则修改后的法律仍然脱离不了“弹性规则”的窠臼。     

检察官的角色--从组织法和诉讼法角度分析

我国检察官既面临着组织法上的身份定位和办案机制困境,又面临着诉讼法上的角色扮演和职权行使困境.欧陆法系检察官以真实和正义为目标,以合法性和客观性为行事准则,经创造性转化,我国也要求检察组织活动在独立性与一体化之间保持适度平衡,要求检察官坚持"以事实为根据,以法律为准绳"的诉讼理念.为遏制检察巨灵,我国检察制度需要从庭前审查程序、不 起诉裁量权的监督程序以及强制措施的司法审查和司法救济等方面对诉讼监督模式作进一步完善.     

China's Attitude Towards the ICC

Unlike the USA, China has few overseas military commitments,and therefore is not concerned that its troops may one day comeunder International Criminal Court (ICC) jurisdiction. Moreover,China is not in a position to pressurize other countries tosign bilateral agreements as the USA has done. Whether or notChina eventually accedes to the Rome Statute, it cannot avoidthe jurisdiction of the ICC in other parts of the world. Thereare five main reasons for China's opposition to the ICC. First,its jurisdiction is not based on the principle of voluntaryacceptance; furthermore, complementarity gives the ICC the powerto judge whether a state is able or willing to conduct propertrials of its own nationals. Secondly, also war crimes in internalarmed conflicts fall under the jurisdiction of the ICC. Thirdly,crimes against humanity are prohibited in time of peace as well.Fourthly, the inclusion of the crime of aggression within thejurisdiction of the ICC weakens the power of the UN SecurityCouncil. Fifthly, the proprio motu power of the Prosecutor maymake the ICC open to political influence. The authors try toshow how all these objections can be legally met and set fortha series of considerations that would make China's participationin the Court a welcome development in China's national and internationalinterests. They finally argue that the Chinese government shouldtake an open attitude, taking into consideration the Court'sactual performance, and should not, therefore, exclude the possibilityof acceding at an appropriate time to the ICC Statute.