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861.
Few studies have been reported on the performance evaluation of automated fingerprint identification systems (AFIS) for fingermark-to-fingerprint comparisons. This paper aims to illustrate to fingerprint examiners the relevance of evaluating the AFIS performance under specific conditions by carrying out five types of performance tests. The conditions addressed are the number of minutiae assigned to a fingermark, manual and automatic assignment of the minutiae, the finger region from which the fingermark originates, the degree of distortion in the fingermark, and the difference in orientation between fingermarks and fingerprints. In these tests, the magnitude of the influence for each condition was quantified. The comparisons were performed using a research AFIS technology with simulated fingermarks. Simulated fingermarks provide a practical way to create fingermarks for specific conditions in large quantities. The results showed that each condition influences the performance significantly, emphasizing the relevance of developing, and applying performance tests for specific conditions. 相似文献
862.
Statistical research on fingerprint identification and the testing of automated fingerprint identification system (AFIS) performances require large numbers of forensic fingermarks. These fingermarks are rarely available. This study presents a semi-automatic method to create simulated fingermarks in large quantities that model minutiae features or images of forensic fingermarks. This method takes into account several aspects contributing to the variability of forensic fingermarks such as the number of minutiae, the finger region, and the elastic deformation of the skin. To investigate the applicability of the simulated fingermarks, fingermarks have been simulated with 5-12 minutiae originating from different finger regions for six fingers. An AFIS matching algorithm was used to obtain similarity scores for comparisons between the minutiae configurations of fingerprints and the minutiae configurations of simulated and forensic fingermarks. The results showed similar scores for both types of fingermarks suggesting that the simulated fingermarks are good substitutes for forensic fingermarks. 相似文献
863.
Laura Cruz-Castro Luis Sanz-Menéndez Catalina Martínez 《The Journal of Technology Transfer》2012,37(1):18-42
Governments continue to play a central role in the way research is conducted and organized by defining new models for research
centers. How do existing research centers adapt to changes in their environment? Institutional theory suggests that organizations
pursue efficiency and legitimacy by conforming to isomorphic pressures in their organizational field, which will eventually
lead to a reduction of diversity in organizational practices and strategies. Resource-dependence theory assumes a more active
agency and calls attention to the diverse strategic responses of organizations to institutional processes. Based on funding
microdata and qualitative information at center level, this study undertakes to analyze changes in two populations of Spanish
research centers (government laboratories and technology centers) in a time of evolving policy paradigms, emergence of new
models for research centers, and increasing competition in the field of R&D. We find that a large share of the existing government
laboratories and technology centers have progressively conformed to a funding strategy based on diversifying sources and increasing
competitive public funding, although both populations are still characterized by some degree of internal diversity regarding
funding portfolios. Structural heterogeneity also remains as regards management practices such as research planning and agenda
setting. 相似文献
864.
Horstkötter D Berghmans R de Ruiter C Krumeich A de Wert G 《International journal of law and psychiatry》2012,35(4):289-297
This paper presents and discusses the views and attitudes of juvenile delinquents regarding the implications of genomics and neurobiology research findings for the prevention and treatment of antisocial behavior. Scientific developments in these disciplines are considered to be of increasing importance for understanding the causes and the course of antisocial behavior and related mental disorders. High expectations exist with regard to the development of more effective prevention and intervention. Whether this is a desirable development does not only depend on science, but also on the ethical and social implications of potential applications of current and future research findings. As this pilot study points out, juvenile delinquents themselves have rather mixed views on the goals and means of early identification, prevention and treatment. Some welcome the potential support and help that could arise from biologically informed preventive and therapeutic measures. Others, however, reject the very goals of prevention and treatment and express worries concerning the risk of labeling and stigmatization and the possibility of false positives. Furthermore, interventions could aim at equalizing people and taking away socially disapproved capacities they themselves value. Moreover, most juvenile delinquents are hardly convinced that their crime could have been caused by some features of their brain or that a mental disorder has played a role. Instead, they provide social explanations such as living in a deprived neighborhood or having antisocial friends. We suggest that the hopes and expectations as well as the concerns and worries of juvenile delinquents are relevant not only for genomics and neurobiology of antisocial behavior, but also for prevention and intervention measures informed by social scientific and psychological research. The range of patterns of thought of juvenile delinquents is of great heuristic value and may lead to subsequent research that could further enhance our understanding of these patterns. 相似文献
865.
866.
867.
Nicole E. Haas Jan W. de Keijser Gerben J. N. Bruinsma 《Journal of Experimental Criminology》2012,8(4):387-413
Objectives
To empirically examine the absolute and relative impact of situational characteristics and confidence in the criminal justice system on public support for vigilantism.Methods
In an experimental study with a between-subjects design, members of a Dutch household panel (n = 1,930) responded to vignettes about vigilantism that were varied across two experimental factors: (1) type of precipitating crime and (2) type of formal sentence for the precipitating offender. In the measurement of support, we distinguished between outrage at vigilantism, empathy with the vigilante, and desired punishment for the vigilante. Confidence was assessed 1?month later.Results
Our findings show that situational characteristics have a substantial and independent influence on support for vigilantism, in addition to the role of confidence. This means that when citizens express support for those who take the law into their own hands, this is not necessarily rooted in a lack of confidence in the criminal justice system. Furthermore, all three measures of support were affected more by the situational characteristics than by confidence.Conclusions
Citizens are nuanced in their judgment of vigilantism and sensitive to contextual information, which is in line with other recent findings regarding public punitiveness. Future studies should assess whether the findings can be generalized to other settings where citizens cannot rely (as much) on the state to deal with crime. 相似文献868.
Jacques de Ville 《International Journal for the Semiotics of Law》2010,23(3):315-338
In this essay, one of Derrida’s early texts, Plato’s pharmacy, is analysed in detail, more specifically in relation to its reflections on writing and its relation to law. This analysis takes place with reference to a number of Derrida’s other texts, in particular those on Freud. It is especially Freud’s texts on dream interpretation and on the dream-work which are of assistance in understanding the background to Derrida’s analysis of writing in Plato’s pharmacy. The essay shows the close relation between Derrida’s analysis of Plato’s texts and Freud’s study of the dream-work. The forces at work in dreams, it appears, are at play in all texts, which in turn explains Derrida’s contentions in relation to the pharmakon as providing the condition of possibility of Plato’s texts. The essay furthermore points to the continuity between this ‘early’ text of Derrida and his ‘later’, seemingly more politico-legal texts of the 1990s. A close reading of Plato’s pharmacy, with its investigation via ‘writing’ of the foundations of metaphysics, and thus also of the Western concept of law, is obligatory should one wish to comprehend how Derrida attempts to exceed the restricted economy of metaphysics through his analysis of concepts such as justice and hospitality. 相似文献
869.
We argue that the motivations that underlie stereotype-based discrimination against racial minorities and other stigmatized
groups often fail to meet standard criteria for rational judgments. Stereotyping of such groups is often driven by threats
to one’s self-esteem and a desire to rationalize inequality, and declines when the perceiver is motivated to be accurate.
Also, Bayesian racism—the belief that it is rational to discriminate against individuals based on stereotypes about their racial group—correlates
highly with negative feelings toward minorities and the desire to keep low-status groups in their place, and correlates negatively with indices of rational thinking. The motives that drive social judgments call into question whether people engage in stereotype-based
discrimination for rational reasons. 相似文献
870.
While faculty members in universities are inventing and their universities are aggressively marketing the associated intellectual property, many universities have not been pleased with the financial results. Is it due to inadequacy of effort by the universities, or due to objective obstacles? This short article provides insights into some of the real and perceived challenges facing the Technology Transfer Offices of university, and brings relevant observations to the discussion. 相似文献