Explaining incumbent re-election in authoritarian elections: evidence from a Chinese county

Despite the burgeoning comparative literature on authoritarian elections, less is known about the dynamics of competition in authoritarian subnational elections where opposition is not allowed to organize into parties. Local elections without partisan competition in single-party authoritarian regimes provide considerable advantages to the incumbents and may well turn the incumbent advantage common in liberal democracies into incumbent dominance. What economic factors can break incumbent dominance in such competition without parties? With quantitative and qualitative evidence from grassroots elections in China, this article illustrates that economic growth and industrial economic structure offering more economic autonomy help to break incumbent dominance and increase the prospects of successful challenge to incumbency by non-party outsiders. The examination of the findings in a broad context in China and against the backdrop of local democratization in the developing world suggests that though we may observe successful challenge to incumbency, liberalization of the political system requires not only competition, but also a relatively autonomous economy to sustain liberalization prospects. The findings contribute to the literature on electoral authoritarianism, subnational democratization and China’s grassroots elections.     

Reproducibility of Artificial Cut on Heel Area of Rubber Outsole

Randomly acquired characteristics (RAC) are seldom used for exclusion in footwear examinations because they can disappear owing to wear. To help examiners explain discrepancies in RAC, this study investigated the reproducibility of cuts. One cut was made on the heel area of each shoe outsole and then measured. Changes in cuts were statistically evaluated, correlations between their variations and the weight/height of the subject were assessed, and the Support Vector Machine was used for the first time to study their discrimination probability. Most cuts became larger at first and then became smaller. The solidities of most cuts increased after 21 days, and the variation in the cut and the subject's weight/height were negatively correlated. Although the discrimination probability declined as the cut aged, 77% of the same-source and 96.88% of the different-source cuts could be identified correctly after 6 months, indicating that cuts on the heel area are relatively reliable.     

The Effect of Political Participation and Village Support on Farmers Happiness

Journal of Chinese Political Science - This paper explores the internal transmission mechanism and influence of political participation and village support on farmers’ happiness based on an...     

Improving the Health and Education of Elementary Schoolchildren in Rural China: Iron Supplementation Versus Nutritional Training for Parents

Abstract

We report on the results of a randomised controlled trial conducted among over 2,000 children in 60 elementary schools in rural Shaanxi Province, North-west China. We find that providing children with daily iron supplements for six months improved children’s haemoglobin levels and standardised maths scores. In comparison, educating parents about nutrition and anaemia in a special parents meeting produced a modest impact on children’s haemoglobin levels. We also find heterogeneous intervention effects by children’s gender, anaemia status and boarding status. Overall, iron supplementation is more effective. However, given its low cost and simple implementation, parental education should still be considered.     

浅谈和谐企业的特征及创建路径

构建和谐企业是构建社会主义和谐社会的重要组成部分,是推动企业科学发展的迫切需要。和谐企业具有经济效益持续增长、利益结构相对平衡、劳动关系协调稳定、文化理念上下认同、人文自然环境和谐优美五个基本特征,推进和谐企业建设要以增强核心竞争力、切实尊重"主人翁"、打造"利益共同体"、着力管控风险点、坚持弘扬先进性为基本路径。     

公共教育资源配置失衡及其政策补给——以湘南H区2005年的相关教育数据为分析样本

教育公平一直以来是中国公共管理领域重点讨论的话题。公共教育资源分配不均衡和教育服务的不充分与不对等是造成教育不公的主要原因。以2005年湘南H区义务教育状况为样本,运用实地调查和统计分析的研究方法,从教育财政资源、教师资源、学生资源三个方面分析了当前地方公共教育资源配置失衡的状况及其原因。由于长期实行城市偏向的教育政策和重点校制度,形成了农村教育和城市教育以及"重点学校"和"普通学校"的天壤之别,从而导致了公共教育资源配置失衡和公共教育的不平等。因此,要最终促进公共教育的均衡发展和公共教育服务的均等化供给,必须纠正原有的政策偏差,进一步统筹城乡发展,加大农村教育投入力度,确保农村教育投入的优先性;必须打破原有办学特权,实现办学点和生源的均衡配置;必须实施鼓励和优惠政策,避免城乡教育"马太效应"的持续恶化。     

试析巴基斯坦军事政变的根源

刚好一年以前 ,1 999年 1 0月 1 2日 ,巴基斯坦发生武装政变 ,以陆军参谋长佩尔韦兹·穆沙拉夫为首的军事当局推翻纳瓦兹·谢里夫总理的民选政府 ,实行军事管制。这是巴基斯坦历史上的第三次军事政变。在巴基斯坦独立 5 2年短暂的历史上 ,共发生了 3次军事政变和存在 4届军管政府 ,军管的时间长达 2 5年。巴基斯坦独立的时候是按西方的议会民主制建立代议制政府的国家。军队反复介入政治和较长时间掌权既说明军队在国家政治生活中的影响 ,也表明代议制政府的脆弱。为什么巴基斯坦反复发生军队卷入政治 ?为什么巴基斯坦的民选政府又那么脆弱 …     

智能司法中的伦理问题及其应对

人工智能使用于司法涉及到突出的伦理问题,智能司法与司法伦理既有紧密关系又有紧张关系.司法公正的一个很重要因素是证据的获取,证据的获取与知识智慧有很大的关联性,人工智能使用于司法在证据获取等方面具有相对于人工的以下优势:准确性、重复性、快速性、抉择性、无私性.智能司法与司法伦理的紧张关系是指智能司法可能损害司法公正:算法...     

竞争法体系下商标立法模式探讨

从宏观视阈看,商标法属于竞争法的体系范畴,与反不正当竞争法一样都体现了政府对微观经济的干预。法律保护民事主体的合法民事权益,商标权益在内容上涵盖商标专用权与商标利益,从维护我国注册制的权威以及有利于制度的可操作性而言,对于权利和利益在法律保护的路径上应有所区别。将商标权益区分为商标专用权与商标利益分别由《商标法》和《反不正当竞争法》保护,使《商标法》作为民法的特别法,与其他民事法律,包括《民法通则》、《侵权责任法》等形成较强的逻辑自洽性,同时,也使商标法作为反不正当竞争法的特别法,与反不正当竞争法在制止利用商标而进行的不正当竞争方面彼此分工,有效协调。     

文化与犯罪生成机理——塞林《文化冲突与犯罪》读后

体现在塞林的《文化冲突与犯罪》一书中的文化冲突理论是犯罪学理论体系中的一个重要的犯罪原因理论。通过对其观点和论证理路的解读,该书既有一定的局限性,又为我们在进行犯罪学研究时视野的拓展、方法的创新等具有一定的启示作用。