Restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis of forensic science casework in the People's Republic of China.

Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis for the purpose of individualization is now being used in casework in the People's Republic of China. This report describes the use of the multilocus minisatellite probe 33.15 to solve three cases, including two homicides and a rape. In the third case, fetal tissue was analyzed to prove that the alleged rapist was, in fact, the father. In each case, analysis of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) resulted in a positive match. The probability of chance association of the DNA fingerprint was calculated as 5.6 x 10(-12), which is similar to the figures reported in the literature.     

一体化视角下的非洲历史变迁

非洲一体化在本质上属于非洲历史发展范畴,是非洲人民用集体力量追求大陆独立、复兴与统一的历史实践。早在20世纪上半叶,泛非主义及其政治形态的泛非运动就积极致力于非洲文化复兴和民族自觉,在相当程度上唤醒了非洲人民的民族意识和民族尊严,塑造了非洲大陆特有的区域意识和历史使命感。20世纪60年代非洲统一组织在推动非洲大陆的政治独立与解放、维护大陆政治团结与稳定方面发挥了重要作用,此时的非洲一体化运动转变为在各个主权独立的现代民族国家联合基础上的一体化。在当今全球化加速发展的时代,非洲大陆的时代主题由“求独立”转变到“求和平”、“求发展”,非洲一体化运动的重心转向寻求国家现代化和地区复兴。推动非洲经济复兴与统一、实现包括非洲大陆在内的发展中世界的崛起,是当前非洲一体化对于非洲历史乃至世界历史发展的重要意义所在。     

刍议傅立叶的“和谐制度”——兼评对构建中国和谐社会的启示

19世纪初的法国空想主义者沙利·傅立叶(Charles Fourier)被公认为是空想社会主义的先驱,他的空想学说是空想社会主义思想发展的最高的形态,是马克思关于科学社会主义理论的直接思想来源.他在<关于四种运动和普遍命运的理论>、<宇宙统一论>以及<工业和协作的新世界>等著作中揭露了资本主义罪恶,阐发了自己对未来理想社会的设想,并预言不公正不合理的现存制度必然被"和谐制度"所代替.     

DNA commission of the International Society of Forensic Genetics: Recommendations on the interpretation of mixtures

The DNA commission of the International Society of Forensic Genetics (ISFG) was convened at the 21st congress of the International Society for Forensic Genetics held between 13 and 17 September in the Azores, Portugal. The purpose of the group was to agree on guidelines to encourage best practice that can be universally applied to assist with mixture interpretation. In addition the commission was tasked to provide guidance on low copy number (LCN) reporting. Our discussions have highlighted a significant need for continuing education and research into this area. We have attempted to present a consensus from experts but to be practical we do not claim to have conveyed a clear vision in every respect in this difficult subject. For this reason, we propose to allow a period of time for feedback and reflection by the scientific community. Then the DNA commission will meet again to consider further recommendations.     

From processing to analysing: Intensifying the use of microcomputers in development bureaucracies

This article examines constraints in development bureaucracies in intensifying the use of microcomputers as they move beyond processing applications to analysing applications. The work is based on the experience of several ministries of the Government of Kenya. Processing applications involve throughput of data and are relatively simple. Analysing applications, in contrast, are more complex and include data assembly, sensitivity analysis, and modelling. The article argues that processing applications are more compatible with the administrative cultures, bureaucratic functions, personnel skill levels and organizational structures of development bureaucracies. Analysing applications are less compatible because they require a level of training and motivation uncommon in development bureaucracies. Analysing applications are further thwarted by constraints in the supply of relevant information and the lack of demand for analysis by decision-makers. A four-cell matrix is developed which explains these constraints. The article concludes with several recommendations for encouraging microcomputer-based analysis, but cautions that processing applications will continue to dominate for the foreseeable future.     

伊朗核危机的国际法规制

在伊朗核问题上,当前一般适用的实在国际法主要有:国际条约(包括《核不扩散条约》、《全面禁止核试验条约》、《部分禁止核试验条约》,以及《限制地下核武器试验条约》);国际习惯;联合国安理会决议;单方法律行为。目前的实在国际法由于在诸多方面存在缺失,因而在调整伊朗核问题时显得力不从心。伊朗在国际条约上仅仅承担了某种纸面上的义务,有关的国际习惯尚未形成,联合国安理会有关决议因受地缘政治因素的影响难有作为,而指望靠单方承诺解决伊朗核问题也是不现实的。当实在国际法不能很好地调整国际关系时,强行法可以被直接适用来弥补这一缺失。