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991.
Previous negotiation research has explored the interaction and communication between crisis negotiators and perpetrators.
A crisis negotiator attempts to resolve a critical incident through negotiation with an individual, or group of persons in
crisis. The purpose of this study was to establish the interpersonal style of crisis negotiators and complementarity of the
interpersonal interaction between them and forensic inpatients. Crisis negotiators, clinical workers and students (n = 90) used the Check List of Interpersonal Transactions-Revised (CLOIT-R) to identify interpersonal style, along with eight
vignettes detailing interpersonal styles. Crisis negotiators were most likely to have a friendly interpersonal style compared
to the other non-trained groups. Complementarity theory was not exclusively supported as submissive individuals did not show
optimistic judgments in working with dominant forensic inpatients and vice versa. Exploratory analysis revealed that dominant
crisis negotiators were optimistic in working with forensic inpatients with a dominant interpersonal style. This study provides
insight into the area of interpersonal complementarity of crisis negotiators and forensic inpatients. Whilst further research
is required, a potential new finding was established, with significant ‘similarity’ found when dominant crisis negotiators
are asked to work with dominant forensic inpatients. 相似文献
992.
Tara S. Duckworth David S. Kreiner Kim Stark-Wroblewski Patricia A. Marsh 《Journal of Police and Criminal Psychology》2011,26(1):11-19
Mistaken eyewitness identifications are believed to contribute to a preponderance of wrongful convictions, underscoring the
need to identify methods to help decrease the likelihood of false convictions based on eyewitness testimony. The present study
tested the hypothesis that providing jurors with first-hand experience with eyewitness identification procedures could help
further sensitize them to the limitations of eyewitness testimony. Eighty college students watched a videotaped mock trial
in which the prosecution’s sole evidence was eyewitness testimony. In a 2 × 2 randomized factorial design, we manipulated
whether participants heard expert psychological testimony (henceforth referred to as expert testimony) on the limitations of eyewitness identification and whether they experienced an eyewitness identification procedure. As
predicted, experiencing the eyewitness identification procedure had a significant impact on juror decisions, suggesting that
this procedure could further help reduce the likelihood of wrongful convictions. 相似文献
993.
Lisa S. Nored Doug Goodman R. Alan Thompson 《Journal of Police and Criminal Psychology》2011,26(1):35-46
This article provides an empirical analysis of Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) implementation within the law enforcement
profession. Specifically, the study reports results from a national survey of state police/highway patrol agencies regarding
practical implementation of the ADA. The data is analyzed in terms of population size and collective bargaining status. Results
of this endeavor indicate that implementation of the ADA within law enforcement is difficult, especially as applied to the
work of sworn personnel. These challenges are somewhat diminished when applied to non-sworn personnel such as dispatchers,
administrators, and clerical personnel. The most substantial obstacles to implementation of the ADA within law enforcement
is not associated with political officials or administrators. Instead, most arise from the lack of training and vague legislative
language and regulatory standards. Smaller states and those without collective bargaining report lower levels of accommodation;
however, there are few statistically significant differences in terms of population and collective bargaining. 相似文献
994.
995.
Charles R. Tittle Ekaterina V. Botchkovar Olena Antonaccio 《Journal of Quantitative Criminology》2011,27(2):225-249
Using random samples of adults from three European countries rarely surveyed about crime-related issues, this study seeks
to identify, with more extensive indicators than is typical, individuals who are likely to contemplate the commission of criminal
acts. Then, it assesses the contextual universality of deterrence claims by estimating the deterrent effectiveness of perceived
formal and informal sanctions for theft and violence among crime contemplators in Greece, Russia, and Ukraine. With criminal
contemplation taken into account, our findings confirm the patterns established in past research. Whereas the threat of formal
punishment shows little deterrent effect, perceptions of informal sanctions appear to influence projected crime. However,
supportive findings hold only in Russia and Ukraine. Overall, it appears that the deterrent effectiveness of sanctions may
be to some extent contingent on cultural or contextual characteristics. 相似文献
996.
Ray Paternoster Greg Pogarsky Gregory Zimmerman 《Journal of Quantitative Criminology》2011,27(1):1-26
In this paper we relate a particular type of decision making, thoughtfully reflective decision making (TRDM) in adolescence,
to successful and unsuccessful life outcomes in young adulthood. Those who are thoughtfully reflective in their decision making
are more likely to consider possible alternative routes to goal attainment, weigh the costs and benefits of those alternatives,
and critically revisit the decision once made to examine what went well and what went wrong. We also argue that what mediates
the effect of TRDM on later life outcomes is the accumulation of capital. Those who use better decision making practices are
more likely to recognize the resources provided by and make the necessary investments to accumulate human, social and cultural
capital. These notions are theoretically linked to conceptions of criminal offenders as both rational planners and decision
makers and as fully human agents. Using data from the Add Health data set, our hypotheses are largely confirmed. Those who
are higher in TRDM as adolescents were more likely to have enrolled in or graduated from college, to be in better physical
health, are more involved in civic and community affairs, less likely to commit criminal acts, use illegal drugs and be involved
in heavy drinking as adults. TRDM is also positively related to the accumulation of human, social and cultural capital. Finally,
a substantial part of the effect of TRDM on young adult outcomes was mediated by capital accumulation. The implications of
these findings for future theory and research are discussed. 相似文献
997.
Eva Traut-Mattausch Stephanie Guter Mark P. Zanna Eva Jonas Dieter Frey 《Social Justice Research》2011,24(1):25-42
A considerable number of individuals show resistance to reform, whereas others, although similarly affected, do not react
in a resistant way at all. Based on research showing that people differ concerning how sensitive they are toward being a victim
of injustice (victim justice sensitivity), we argued that people high in victim justice sensitivity perceive a reform more
as an illegitimate limitation to their freedom resulting in more reactance. Consequently, people high in victim justice sensitivity
should show more resistance to reform. We conducted three studies to test these assumptions. Our studies revealed that physicians
(healthcare reform, Study 1) and students (introduction of tuition fees, Studies 2 and 3) with higher victim justice sensitivity
experienced more reactance and thus showed more resistance to reform. The implications of these results for the implementation
of political reforms are discussed. 相似文献
998.
Garner Clancey 《European Journal on Criminal Policy and Research》2011,17(1):55-67
Crime prevention through environmental design (CPTED) guidelines have been adopted in numerous jurisdictions around the world.
In 2001, guidelines were introduced in New South Wales (Australia) to ensure that proposed developments/redevelopments of
the built environment reflected key CPTED principles. The guidelines state that in certain circumstances a crime risk assessment
is required for the proposed development and the resulting report forms part of the development application, which is reviewed
by the relevant consent authority (a council or state government department depending upon the size of the development). To
date, these guidelines have not been evaluated, making it impossible to assess their impact and the utility of the associated
crime risk assessment reports. Moreover, much of the academic literature on CPTED has historically tended to focus on the
implementation of CPTED strategies and not on the processes adopted pre-development. To partially fill this gap in knowledge,
a small number (4) of publicly available crime risk assessment reports have been reviewed here and key issues highlighted.
In particular, the relevance of some aspects of these reports is questioned, as is the impact of the relationship between
the client (i.e. developer) commissioning the report and the findings of the ‘independent’ consultant. The small sample of
risk assessment reports randomly selected for review cannot be considered representative of the larger body of such reports.
Nonetheless, the insights generated from this exercise should be of interest to policy makers and practitioners engaged in
this work. 相似文献
999.
This paper will argue that the effectiveness of CPTED ought to be judged in terms of the extent to which it is successful
in facilitating opportunities for active guardianship of places. With this premise in mind, the CPTED component of surveillance
will provide the focal point of investigation. Reynald (Crime Prevention and Community Safety: An International Journal, 11(1):1-20, 2009, Journal of Research in Crime & Delinquency, 2010b) demonstrated that supervision or natural surveillance is one of the core dimensions of active guardianship in residential
areas. This paper will begin with an illustration of how the CPTED principles are translated into crime preventive action
in residential environments by using observational data to get a first-hand look at how CPTED functions in practice. The paper
will then go on to combine these field observations with interview data from residents themselves to show the ways in which
opportunities for the CPTED component of surveillance are affected, not simply by the design of the physical environment,
but also by the context in which the opportunities exist. These results will be used to critically reflect on some inherent
conflicts and points of neglect in the relationship between the components of surveillance, territoriality and image/maintenance,
as a means of airing some of the conceptual and practical weaknesses that may serve to limit the existing CPTED model. 相似文献
1000.
Claire Hamilton 《European Journal on Criminal Policy and Research》2011,17(4):253-266
Relying on Brown's (2005a, b) thesis that contemporary shifts in penal policy are best understood as a reprisal of colonial rationality, so that offenders
become “non-citizens” or “agents of obligation”, this article argues, firstly, that this framework (with certain important
refinements and extensions) finds support in developments in Irish criminal justice policy aimed at offenders suspected of
involvement in “organised crime”. These offenders have found themselves reconstituted as “agents of obligation” with duties
to furnish information about their property and movements, report to the police concerning their location and, importantly,
refrain from criminal activity or face extraordinary sanctions. Secondly, it is submitted that this draconian approach to the control of organised crime is built on false premises;
specifically the idea that “organised crime” as such exists and is best controlled through restrictions on the freedom of
key groups or “core nominals”. 相似文献