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861.
Kevin?J.?Barrett Maria ?Haberfeld Michael?C.?Walker 《Crime, Law and Social Change》2009,52(2):159-179
This article examines the attitudes of sample populations of urban, suburban and rural police officers in New Jersey in regard
to a hypothetical use of force scenario. The aim of the study is to identify similarities and differences in the perceptions
of officers who are faced with the same type of hypothetical situations but who are exposed to different training, procedural
and environmental factors. Police officers in the United States receive different types of training in each state that might
influence their attitudes towards the use of force. A pilot study was conducted comparing two urban police departments from
two different states and showed some differences in the attitudes of the surveyed officers. To further explore these differences,
a more refined look at three police departments in one state (New Jersey) was conducted as part of a doctoral dissertation
of the lead author. Research questions are aimed at identifying the differences in the frameworks for the justification of
force based on a host of variables. The research questions stipulated that there will be some significant differences in attitudes
towards the use of force by the officers, based on physical location of the communities they police. The findings of the study
identified additional factors that might influence the officers’ attitudes. Twelve focus groups, four at each of the sites,
were analyzed and it appears that there may be a geographic and demographic influence on how the officers respond to the scenario. 相似文献
862.
863.
France Gingras Caroline Paquet Martine Bazinet Dominic Granger Karine Marcoux-Legault Maria Fiorillo Diane Séguin Franziska Baltzer Claude Chamberland Christine Jolicoeur 《Forensic Science International: Genetics Supplement Series》2009,2(1):138-140
Using a Filemaker-based database (DNA Pro-FILES, Synchrone Infosystème Inc.), we have conducted a large-scale study on 1000 sexual assault (SA) cases where a standardized kit was submitted to our laboratory alone or with other types of exhibits. We looked at the likelihood of obtaining good quality DNA evidence, allegedly from the assailant, according to a number of parameters.The overall proportion of SA cases with DNA evidence is nearly 50%. A little more than 30% of SA kits provided DNA evidence while for 16% of cases DNA evidence could be obtained only from other exhibits.The likelihood of obtaining DNA evidence is approximately 50% in teenager and adult SA cases, but much lower for children 10 years old or younger (15%). In children cases, profiles were found mostly on clothing or skin swabs.The likelihood of obtaining DNA evidence from vaginal swabs remains good for up to 3 days after the assault (from 35% on the first day to 23% on the third day). A DNA profile was obtained from approximately 22% of anal/rectal swabs and 41% of skin swabs taken less than 1 day after the assault. Less than 10% of oral washes provided DNA evidence, all having been collected within 24 h of the assault.We found that in bodily samples, a negative result for acid phosphate (AP) is a poor predictor of the likelihood of obtaining good quality DNA evidence. Approximately 15% of vaginal swabs and 8% of anal swabs negative for AP nevertheless provided good quality DNA evidence. 相似文献
864.
The UK retail energy market has witnessed multiple regulatory interventions since its liberalisation almost two decades ago. Such interventions reached their peak with the enactment of the UK Domestic Gas Electricity (Tariff Cap) Act in July 2018. The Act puts in place a requirement on the independent regulator, the Office of Gas and Electricity Markets (Ofgem), to set an absolute price cap on poor value tariffs. As such, it signals a repudiation of the overarching paradigm of consumer empowerment that has informed regulatory remedies to date. Rather than advocating for a different paradigm, this article highlights the difficulties inherent in reconciling price caps – both practically and conceptually – with the competitive process and consumer empowerment. It also discussses other instruments, not necessarily exhausted in retail price regulation, that can render affordable energy prices, without sacrificing consumer empowerment. 相似文献
865.
Maria Subert 《Contemporary Justice Review》2019,22(1):3-22
This research analyzes as hate crimes the 2008–9 Hungarian Roma mass-murders by extreme nationalists. Pertinent questions are: ‘What motivated the Roma Murders?’ and ‘How do these motives intertwine with cultural-historical legacies to affect both the murders and later official apologies?’ In examining motives, the essay shows how cultural myths of an ill-fated nation and collective memory of real historic tragedies made Hungarians receptive to an extreme nationalist ideology that transforms a national vision of tragic fate into a vision of a victorious future (Volksgeist). How Hungarian cultural-historical heritage assigns vulnerability and disability to the Roma is explored, and why assigning the same vulnerability to victims when Hungarians apologize for their complicity in the Roma murders cannot restore social justice. The essay adds to previous research the identification of common dynamics in both the hate crimes and later apologies, demanding that a very specific apology addressed to the Roma–as equal citizens–should follow two apologies that position the Roma as less than equal Hungarians. 相似文献
866.
Valdebenito Sara Eisner Manuel Farrington David P. Ttofi Maria M. Sutherland Alex 《Journal of Experimental Criminology》2019,15(3):253-287
Journal of Experimental Criminology - To systematically review and quantitatively synthesise the evidence for the impact of different types of school-based interventions on the reduction of school... 相似文献
867.
Dara Mojtahedi Maria Ioannou Laura Hammond 《Journal of Police and Criminal Psychology》2018,33(4):316-326
The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of pre-existing relationships between co-witnesses on statement similarity, after a post-event discussion. Although research studies have attempted to observe the effect of a pre-existing relationship on eyewitness pairs, few have investigated these effects on larger groups of co-witnesses. Four hundred and twenty participants took part in an eyewitness simulation experiment. Participants were placed into groups of five, and viewed video footage of a bar fight. After witnessing the event, participants discussed the event with group members before giving individual statements privately. The study employed a one-way between subjects design with three conditions: (1) participants discussed the event with familiar co-witnesses, (2) participants discussed the event with unfamiliar co-witnesses and (3) participants were not permitted to discuss the event with their co-witnesses (control). It was found that post-event discussion between co-witnesses increased the level of similarity in blame attribution within the eyewitness groups; however, this difference was only significant in groups where eyewitnesses shared a pre-existing relationship. In addition, the level of uncertainty was reduced when eyewitnesses took part in post-event discussions. It is suggested that this might be attributed to an increased level of informational influence between familiar co-witnesses. However, there was no evidence suggesting that post-event discussions led to an increase in false eyewitness statements. 相似文献
868.
Kyle C. Scherr Christopher J. Normile Maria Camila Sarmiento 《Journal of Experimental Criminology》2018,14(4):529-538
Objectives
People are hesitant to fully support reintegration efforts (e.g., opportunities to receive psychological counseling, career counseling, job training, housing assistance, educational opportunities, financial compensation) to help exonerees wrongfully convicted of a crime. However, underlying reasons motivating people’s hesitancy remain unaddressed. This research examined the influence of being wrongfully convicted of a race stereotypic-consistent crime on people’s judgments of exonerees’ culpability and willingness to support reintegration programs.Method
Using an experimental design, participants were randomly assigned to read a news story that depicted an African-American or White male who was exonerated after being wrongfully convicted of assault or embezzlement. Participants then offered their culpability judgments (i.e., their belief in the exoneree’s guilt and confidence in that belief) and willingness to support reintegration services.Results
Participants were less confident of the exoneree’s innocence and less supportive of psychological counseling services when the exoneree was a White, compared to African-American, male wrongfully convicted of the race stereotypic-consistent crime of embezzlement. An exploratory conditional mediation analysis indicated that less confidence in the exoneree’s innocence after being wrongfully convicted of a race stereotypic-consistent crime was, in turn, associated with people’s hesitancy to support psychological counseling for the exoneree.Conclusions
Basic and applied implications to overcome people’s hesitancy to support reintegration efforts for exonerees are discussed.869.
Gronow Antti Brockhaus Maria Di Gregorio Monica Karimo Aasa Ylä-Anttila Tuomas 《Policy Sciences》2021,54(3):529-556
Policy Sciences - Policy learning can alter the perceptions of both the seriousness and the causes of a policy problem, thus also altering the perceived need to do... 相似文献
870.
A New Index for the MMPI‐2 Test for Detecting Dissimulation in Forensic Evaluations: A Pilot Study 下载免费PDF全文
Vito Martino M.D. Ignazio Grattagliano Psy.D. Andrea Bosco Ph.D. Ylenia Massaro Psy.D. Andrea Lisi Ph.D. Filippo Campobasso Psy.D. Maria Alessia Marchitelli M.A. Roberto Catanesi M.D. 《Journal of forensic sciences》2016,61(1):249-253
This pilot study is the starting point of a potentially broad research project aimed at identifying new strategies for assessing malingering during forensic evaluations. The forensic group was comprised of 67 males who were seeking some sort of certification (e.g., adoption, child custody, driver's license, issuance of gun permits, etc.); the nonforensic group was comprised of 62 healthy male volunteers. Each participant was administered the MMPI‐2. Statistical analyses were conducted on obtained scores of 48 MMPI‐2 scales. In the first step, parametric statistics were adopted to identify the best combination of MMPI‐2 scales that differentiated the two groups of participants. In the second step, frequency‐based, nonparametric methods were used for diagnostic purposes. Results: A model that utilized the best three predictors (“7‐Pt”, “L,” and “1‐Hs”) was developed and used to calculate the Forensic Evaluation Dissimulation Index (FEDI), which features satisfactory diagnostic accuracy (0.9), sensitivity (0.82), specificity (0.81), and likelihood ratio indices (LR+ = 4.32; LR? = 0.22). 相似文献