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111.
DNA quantification of forensic evidence is very valuable for an optimal use of the available biological material. Moreover, sex determination is of great importance as additional information in criminal investigations as well as in identification of missing persons, no suspect cases, and ancient DNA studies. While routine forensic DNA analysis based on short tandem repeat markers includes a marker for sex determination, analysis of samples containing scarce amounts of DNA is often based on mitochondrial DNA, and sex determination is not performed. In order to allow quantification and simultaneous sex determination on minute amounts of DNA, an assay based on real-time PCR analysis of a marker within the human amelogenin gene has been developed. The sex determination is based on melting curve analysis, while an externally standardized kinetic analysis allows quantification of the nuclear DNA copy number in the sample. This real-time DNA quantification assay has proven to be highly sensitive, enabling quantification of single DNA copies. Although certain limitations were apparent, the system is a rapid, cost-effective, and flexible assay for analysis of forensic casework samples. 相似文献
112.
Presently police manager and their recruiting staff are using an increasing number of screening tools including psychological
testing during the hiring processes. Prior research suggests that gender is often ignored in the review of testing results.
This could lead to problems in the interpretation of results. This research investigates the existence, if any, in the pre-socialization
personality differences between male and female police recruits as well as between female police recruits and the general
population of females. Subjects (N=104) were from a multi-agency training facility in a southern state. Subjects completed
the MMPI-2 at the beginning of their police academy training to control for any socialization effects the training may have.
The diagnostic clinical scales, the content scales, and the gender scales of the MMPI-2 were subjected to independent discriminant
function analyses to determine if differences between male and female recruits exist. Scale 5 (Mf), GM, and GF were analyzed
via t-tests to determine if differences between the female recruits and women in the normative sample exist. All discriminant
functions were significant at the .05 level. Scales that differentiated male and female recruits were: Ma (Scale 9), ASP,
FRS, BIZ, Mf (Scale, 5), and GF. Female recruits differed from the female normative sample on only GF (recruits were lower).
It is suggested that future research focus on the predictive power of the content scales for continuation in the police field.
It is also suggested that future research investigate the flexibility of the gender constructs throughout the policing career.
Author Notes: Send all enquires to Larry A. Gould, Ph.D., Dept. of Criminal Justice, Northern Arizona Univerity, Box 15005, Flagstaff,
AZ 86011-5005.
1. A special thank you is given to Northern Arizona University for providing the funding of the parent project from which
this research was accomplished. I also wish to extend my gratitude to those whose time and effort went into the collection
and computer entry of the data—Dr. Larry Gould and Rachel Rowland. In addition, I would like to thank Dr. Clay Moore for the
statistical “chats”. 相似文献
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Ghana’s National Health Insurance Scheme, introduced in 2003, aims to remove financial barriers to health-care access and bridge the inequality gaps in health care. This paper reports on a study of the implementation process in four local government areas in southern and northern Ghana. The paper profiles key institutional actors and draws on qualitative interview data from 33 in-depth interviews. Findings highlight the gaps and challenges that have emerged in the implementation process. Issues of managerial capacity, inadequate and uneven distribution of medical facilities and health-care professionals, cost escalation, fraud and abuse, and reimbursement of providers threaten the sustainability of the scheme. 相似文献
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Doris Marie Provine 《Law & social inquiry》1998,23(4):823-856
Legal reform sometimes has unanticipated, even ironic, results. A good example is federal legislation adopted in the 1980s that was supposed to enhance equity in sentencing. Congress, like many state legislatures in this period, reduced judicial control over sentencing by adopting presumptive sentencing guidelines for all serious criminal offenses and mandatory sentences for some specific crimes. Reformers did succeed in reducing judicial discretion in the sentencing process, but racial disparities have gotten much worse. Unprecedented numbers of minorities, particularly black men, are going to jail for long terms. The situation leaves trial judges in a difficult position. They are legally bound to implement a sentencing regime that many of them believe is racially discriminatory. Herbert Jacob's work on criminal trial courts provides a framework for investigating this problem. As Jacob's organizational approach predicts, judges were initially more troubled by the diminution of their powers than by the emerging pattern of increased minority incarceration. Nevertheless, some judges have criticized the racial implications of the sentencing law, protesting in various, resourceful ways. Judicial resistance to a law on moral grounds, though rare, is significant because it represents a break in the ranks of officialdom that enhances the moral credibility of critics of the current law. 相似文献
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