Landwirtschaftlicher Bodenschutz und Agrarreform*

Die Festlegung von Konzentrationszonen für raumbedeutsame Vorhaben im Außenbereich muss nach der Rechtsprechung des Bundesverwaltungsgerichts auf einem gesamträumlichen Planungskonzept beruhen und den Anforderungen des Abwägungsgebots genügen. Danach kann der Träger der Regionalplanung auch dazu berechtigt sein, die Nutzungsmöglichkeit als typisierte Größe in die Abwägung einzustellen und das Eigentümerinteresse an der Nutzung verallgemeinernd zu unterstellen. Der folgende Beitrag zeigt auf, in welcher Phase des Abwägungsvorgangs Typisierungen oder Unterstellungen in Betracht kommen und welchen Beschränkungen sie unterliegen.     

Experimental studies of the development of linear electric current marks

By means of reconstructing electric current pathways electrophysical conditions were explored causing electrocution death in the bathtub, according to many authors quite often indicated by linear electric lesions. In our experimental settings we observed appearance of circumscribed linear marks of pallor similar to electric lesions in the region of postmortem lividity of corpses at the same level as bathtub water. None of typical histological indicators could be seen in skin samples. So no evidence was given for electric burns even under conditions of high density and extended duration of current. Similar linear marks and equivalent histological results were found when corpses were put into the bathtub filled with cold water without any experimental electric contact. CONCLUSIONS: Linear marks of pallor may occur at water level even without any electric contact to corpse or water neither bathtub. IMPLICATIONS: According to specific conditions mentioned above linear so called electric lesions at water level do not indicate electric current yet lethal electric damage.     

Fractures of the arches of the atlas: a study of their causation

The autopsy findings in 32 accidental deaths which showed fracture(s) of the arches of the atlas have been correlated to reconstructions of the course of events in the accidents. Flexion of the head causing fracture(s) of the neural arch or odontoid process of the axis also resulted in fracture(s) of the posterior arch due to downward traction. Extension of the head causing fracture of the odontoid process of the axis gave rise to fractures of the posterior arch due to pressure from below. Tilting of the head caused marginal fractures of the anterior arch due to oblique traction. Tilting of the head also caused fracture(s) of the anterior and/or posterior arch due to transverse extension of the atlas ring and/or superior dislocation of one lateral mass in relation to the other. Oblique flexion or extension of the head resulted in similar fractures. Flexion of the head with some rotation combined with compression of the neck can cause the anterior margin of one upper joint surface of the axis to act as a wedge separating the anterior arch of the atlas from below. Extension of the head with some rotation combined with compression of the neck can lead to a fracture running through one lateral mass due to its tilting-dislocation in posterior direction. It is striking that there was no fracture of the atlas which could be ascribed to a simple and symmetric compression of the neck (classical Jefferson's fracture).     

Demonstration of early local vital reactions by combination of morphological investigation methods (author's transl)]

In extension of earlier Scanning Electron Microscopical findings on local vital reaction, we initially tried conventional microscopic histology. By standard staining methods--generally used in demonstrating fibrins (Ladew IG, PTAH, PAS etc.) fresh fibrinous mashing was hardly demonstrable. Tryptophan reaction as per Adams brought positive results. By modifying Scanning Electron Microscopic preparation techniques, the surface transverse striation could be shown. For dissolution of the complex morphological structural patterns on the wound surface, Transmission Electron Microscopy was used. Identification of fibrinous filaments was done by their interior transverse striation. Mashing of shaped structure components of the blood in vital and post mortal injuries should be more closely analyzed. Advantages and disadvantages of Scanning and Transmission Electron Microscopic techniques are discussed in view of forensic problems and a tentative judgement passed.     

References for determining the time of death by potassium in vitreous humor

The different statements concerning the slope and intercept of the regression line and the 95% limits of confidence are the reason that potassium in vitreous humor is not used (at least in Germany) as an aid in estimating the time of death. The relationship between the concentration of potassium and the time of death is mainly influenced by antemortem electrolyte imbalances caused by disease and/or duration of terminal episode. The influence of terminal episode is best identified by its duration (Adelson et al., J. Forensic Sci., 8 (1963) 503-514). In order to have a method suitable for every case and to be as precise as possible we looked therefore for parameters in vitreous humor which were stable postmortem and indicating antemortem electrolyte imbalance. Urea is such a parameter, being stable postmortem (Coe, Am. J. Clin. Pathol, 51 (1969) 741-750) and useful as a marker of antemortem electrolyte imbalance. Our investigations on potassium in vitreous humor, including sudden and hospital deaths after chronic lingering disease, revealed 95% limits of confidence of +/- 34 h up to 120 h postmortem. Reviewing only cases with urea less than 100 mg/dl the 95% limits of confidence could be reduced to +/- 22 h. Considering the duration of terminal episode (less than 6 h) the precision was +/- 20 h. In this way our modified procedure is suitable for every case with the resulting precision of estimation being determined only by the duration of the terminal episode and urea concentration.