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11.
Abstract. A federal system must attempt to deal with diversities which are territorially based. It can do this through two procedures: (i) conferring the power over some of these most pervasive diversities on the states or provinces; (ii) giving the constituent regional units a permanent voice in the central government. It is the argument of this paper that Canadian federalism has come to rely too exclusively on the first method to the neglect of the second. Thus from time to time important geographically-based attitudes and interests find they have little influence in the federal government and turn to the provinces instead. Thus the price of the survival of Canadian federalism may be the radical restructuring of the central government to make it more effectively representative of these territorially-based diversities. Several tentative suggestions are made to this end - measures to decrease the dominance of the Prime Minister over Parliament, a federal bureaucracy based deliberately on representative lines, the reorganization of the cabinet and several of the departments of government to make them more representative of geographically-based interests, reforms in the electoral system. In general, the survival of Canadian federalism requires some method to obstruct the growing power of the provinces and this method may well be that central institutions come to act in terms of Calhoun's rule of concurrent majorities. Sommaire. Tout systène fédéral doit essayer de s'occuper des situations diverses dont la base est géographique. Cela peut se faire de deux façons: (i) endonnant aux états ou aux provinces le pouvoir de traiter de certaines des particularités les plus courantes; (ii) en donnent aux groupes représentant les régions une voix permanente au sein du gouvernement central. Cette communication soutient que le fédéralisme canadien en est arrivéà utiliser presque exclusivement la premiere méthode au détriment de la seconde. De temps à autre, des attitudes et intérêts d'inspiration géographique se trouvent exercer peu d'influence dans le gouvernement fédéral et tendent à sa manifester au niveau provincial. Ainsi le prix de la survive du fédéralisme canadien pourrait être la restructuration radicale du gouvernement central pour qu'il représente mieux les diversités à base territoriale. On a offert différentes suggestions à cette fin - des mesures pour diminuer l'emprise du premier ministre sur le parlement, une bureaucratie fédérate établie de facon délibérée d'après le principe de la représentation, la réorganisation du cabinet et de plusieurs ministères du gouvernement pour qu'ils représentent mieux les intérêts géographiques, des réformes du système électoral. D'une façon générale, la survie du fédéralisme canadien dépend d'une méthode permettant d'enrayer le pouvoir croissant des provinces et il se pourrait que cette méthode demande que les institutions centrales se conforment à la règie de Calhoun des majorités coexistantes. 相似文献
12.
Hersh M Ohene-Djan J Naqvi S 《Journal of prevention & intervention in the community》2010,38(4):290-305
Very little research has been carried out in the United Kingdom or other countries on the views and experiences of deaf people on road safety and other aspects of travel. Historically, there has been little specific attention to either the issue of road safety for deaf people or more general travel issues affecting deaf people. Deaf-specific support, guidance, or advice on road safety from the police or other agencies has been sparse. This has led to a situation where support for deaf pedestrians, drivers, and other deaf road users has been developed on an ad-hoc basis, and available measures have not been uniformly adopted across the United Kingdom. Furthermore, although the United Kingdom police force has aimed to provide some support to deaf and hard of hearing people, this has mainly concentrated on communications support in the form of note-taking, interpreters, and video-based information. This article aims to fill the gap in knowledge of road safety issues for deaf and hard of hearing people by reporting empirical research carried out with deaf people in the United Kingdom and making recommendations to improve their road safety. 相似文献
13.
Agathe Bascou B.M. Frederic Savall M.D. Ph.D. Marion Vergnault M.D. Romain Montoriol M.D. Céline Guilbeau‐Frugier M.D. Ph.D. Estelle Maupoint B.M. Mohamed Chérif El Khal M.D. Norbert Telmon M.D. Ph.D. 《Journal of forensic sciences》2019,64(6):1929-1932
Hyperostosis frontalis interna is a common phenomenon, which may have been overrated in its significance in the past, and may, currently be underrated in its significance. We present three cases of hyperostosis frontalis interna found during medicolegal autopsies and discuss their forensic considerations. The patients were all middle‐aged women with metabolic and endocrine manifestations and psychiatric ailments; thickening of the inner table of the frontal bone of the skull was found during each autopsy. We describe the relationship between hyperostosis frontalis interna, metabolic manifestations, and neuropsychiatric symptoms as part of Morgagni‐Stewart‐Morel syndrome. There is still considerable disagreement in the scientific community as to whether this syndrome is a clinical entity. Nonetheless, awareness of Morgagni‐Stewart‐Morel syndrome can be of help in understanding the circumstances surrounding death. In some other cases, hyperostosis frontalis interna could be used by forensic pathologists as criteria for sexing and aging a skeleton. 相似文献
14.
Heyne M Obert M Birngruber CG Ramsthaler F Kerstin K Verhoff MA 《Archiv für Kriminologie》2010,226(3-4):83-98
An unstable hyoid bone that can be loosely moved during autopsy is initial reason to suspect trauma to the neck. The question to be answered is whether the increased mobility is due to incomplete ossification of the hyoid, a postmortem injury (damage), or an ante-mortem injury, possibly related to the cause of death. This is the first study to systematically assess whether stereomicroscopic examinations and flat-panel CT-scans of isolated, unstable hyoid bones can add information to the macroscopic examination by helping to determine when the instability arose. Sixteen isolated hyoid bones (8 female, 8 male; 4-87 years-old) were examined after being macerated. Four of the hyoid bones were already classified as unstable during autopsy. Of the other 12, 7 were fractured immediately after autopsy before being macerated, and 5 were fractured after being macerated. There were, in total, six different diagnostic constellations. Stereo-microscopic examination did not yield additional information compared with the macroscopic examination. Flat-panel CT allowed distinction between an incomplete ossification of the hyoid and a fracture, but did not help in determining whether the fracture had been sustained peri- or postmortem. 相似文献
15.
16.
In the popular Dutch tradition of Sinterklaas, the caricature of his helper ‘Zwarte Piet’ [Black Pete] is often of a black-faced white person. The representation of this character has been surrounded by controversy in Europe and abroad. The following paper discusses these recent controversial media stories in the Netherlands and Western Europe along with the historical context of this character. We also make an argument about how the pervasive imagery in news, television, and theatre of people of color in the Netherlands may be influencing crime statistics by creating and encouraging negative views of ‘the other’. In the Netherlands, Dutch Caribbean and Surinamese first-generation immigrants compared to white, native Dutch are over-represented in official arrest and prison statistics. We theorize that the reasons for this noticeable overrepresentation in crime statistic is it at least in part due to a societal stigma of ‘the other’ and racial profiling of black ethnic minorities. 相似文献
17.
Issues pertaining to crime and criminal justice have long been part of presidential campaigns. Voters want to know how candidates plan to solve the problem of crime and keep them safe. In turn, candidates respond to voters’ concerns and describe their crime control ideas in hopes of increasing voter support. In doing so, they often rely on symbolic statements that provide little detail but make people “feel good”. This study analyzes the criminal justice rhetoric used by the three major presidential candidates in the 2016 election cycle to determine what issues they discussed and how often. The analysis also examines if candidates relied on symbolic statements, and how the issues were debated between the candidates. The findings show that the issues discussed were somewhat different than in previous years, and that the candidates relied on symbolic statements about crime – a change from the previous election cycle. Additionally, the candidates used crime control as a way to reach out to voters in their own political party, suggesting an interesting shift in how issues of criminal justice are being approached within elections. 相似文献
18.
19.
Kintz P Villain M Vallet E Etter M Salquebre G Cirimele V 《Forensic science international》2008,176(1):87-90
Ethyl glucuronide (EtG) is a minor metabolite of ethanol that can be detected in hair. In some specific situations, head hair can be missing, and therefore, alternative anatomical locations of hair are of interest. In this study, paired hair specimens (head hair and pubic hair) from eight social drinkers were analyzed for EtG. Each sample was decontaminated by two dichloromethane bathes (5 ml) for 2 min. After cutting into small pieces, about 50 mg of hair was incubated in 2 ml water in the presence of 10 ng of EtG-d5, used as internal standard and submitted to ultra-sonication for 2 h. The aqueous phase was extracted by SPE using Oasis MAX columns. The hair extract was separated on an ACQUITY BEH HILIC column using a gradient of acetonitrile and formate buffer. Detection was based on two daughter ions: transitions m/z 221-85 and 75 and m/z 226-75 for EtG and the IS, respectively. This laboratory is using a positive cut-off at 50 pg/mg. All eight head hair specimens were negative for EtG at a limit of quantitation fixed at 10 pg/mg. Surprisingly, EtG was identified at high concentrations in pubic hair, in the range 12-1370 pg/mg. It appears, therefore, that it is not possible to document the drinking status of a subject by simply switching from head hair to pubic hair. 相似文献
20.
Jeffrey Kaplan Brian L. Cutler Amy-May Leach Stephanie Marion Joseph Eastwood 《心理学、犯罪与法律》2020,26(4):384-401
ABSTRACTWhen confessions are entered into evidence in criminal courts, issues of coercion and voluntariness are important and often contested matters. Occasionally, defense attorneys proffer expert witnesses to testify about the coercive pressures of an interrogation and the risk of a false confession. Such testimony is often ruled inadmissible on the grounds that it does not inform the jury beyond its common knowledge. In our effort to test this judicial assumption about common knowledge, we surveyed jury-eligible laypeople (n?=?67) and social scientists specializing in interrogation and confessions (n?=?54) regarding their opinions about the coerciveness of prohibited interrogation tactics, maximization techniques, minimization techniques, and suspect risk factors and compared their ratings with a set of independent t tests. Laypeople gave lower ratings to the coerciveness of all sets of items representing interrogation techniques, and lower ratings to the vulnerabilities associated with suspect risk factors, as compared to social science experts. The disparities between laypeople’s and experts’ perceptions of coercion in interrogations demonstrate that such issues are not fully within the common knowledge of prospective jurors, and suggest the need to provide jurors with expert witness guidance when tasked with evaluating confession evidence. 相似文献