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251.
Abstract This paper presents the first systematic, empirical examination of the impact of constitutional structures on income inequality among eighteen OECD countries. Our pooled time series/cross–sectional panel analysis (n = 18, t = 2) reveals that consensual political institutions are systematically related to lower income inequalities while the reverse is true for majoritarian political institutions. We also make a crucial distinction between 'collective' and 'competitive' veto points. Our multiple regression results provide strong evidence that collective veto points depress income inequalities while competitive veto points tend to widen the inequality of incomes. Thus, some institutional veto points have constraining effects on policy while others have 'enabling' effects. 相似文献
252.
Among 193 cases of hanging from the years 1978 to 1991 examined in the institute of Forensic Medicine of the Freie Universit?t Berlin 8 cases with an aspiration of stomach contents had been reported. Herefrom 3 cases were hanging in a "typical" position (suspension point at the back of the head, free suspension of the hanging body) and did not undergo resuscitation. By free suspension of the hanging body the observed massive aspiration of gastric contents only can be explained by an at least partly open connecting passage between the laryngeal entry and the entrance of the oesophagus. The post mortem flowing in of stomach contents as well as a post mortem gastro-oesophageal peristalsis seem not to be able for explicating the findings. Differences in important parameters (e.g. gastric contents, alcoholization) to the cases of hanging without aspiration were not found. Even by free suspension of the body, running noose and point of suspension in the back of the neck sometimes the connection between larynx and oesophagus may stay open, especially when by emesis a high pressure is produced by the stomach. 相似文献
253.
Markus Freitag 《Swiss Political Science Review》2004,10(2):87-118
To what extent do the Swiss Regions and Cantons differ with regard to their stock of social capital? Based on the data of the Swiss Household Panel this article presents the first empirical investigation of the accumulation of social capital in Swiss sub‐national units in a comparative perspective. Empirical evidence implies that the cantons of the German speaking region show more social capital than the French and Italian speaking parts of the country measured by the engagement in voluntary associations, or the interaction with colleagues and the neighbourhood. However, the Latin cantons show a greater stock of social interaction among family and close friends. Furthermore, our findings provide evidence for the existence of five Swiss worlds of social capital varying among the various types of social interaction. 相似文献
254.
255.
News vs. Entertainment: How Increasing Media Choice Widens Gaps in Political Knowledge and Turnout 总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5
Markus Prior 《American journal of political science》2005,49(3):577-592
Despite dramatic increases in available political information through cable television and the Internet, political knowledge and turnout have not changed noticeably. To explain this seeming paradox, I argue that greater media choice makes it easier for people to find their preferred content. People who like news take advantage of abundant political information to become more knowledgeable and more likely to turn out. In contrast, people who prefer entertainment abandon the news and become less likely to learn about politics and go to the polls. To test this proposition, I develop a measure of people's media content preference and include it in a representative opinion survey of 2,358 U.S. residents. Results show that content preference indeed becomes a better predictor of political knowledge and turnout as media choice increases. Cable TV and the Internet increase gaps in knowledge and turnout between people who prefer news and people who prefer entertainment. 相似文献
256.
257.
This article seeks to explain cross‐cantonal variation in public education expenditure between 1985 and 1998. Four possible explanations are located: socio‐demographic and socio‐economic pressures, the impact of political institutions, the partisan theory, and the power resources of organized interests. Taking the research advantage of Swiss federalism our findings provide strong evidence that educational expenditure is systematically related to the socio‐demographic and socio‐economic pressures in a given canton. Furthermore, consensus democracy promotes educational finance, while the decentralization of the cantonal polity lessens the educational policy output. Finally, the instruments of direct democracy as well as partisan variables do not seem to account for differences regarding the budget expenditures on education in the Swiss cantons. 相似文献
258.
Intolerance toward immigrants has recently reached noticeable highs in Switzerland. Referring to the conflict theory, the perception of a specific group as a threat tends to lead to intolerance toward that group. The expectation of a negative relationship between threat and tolerance is nevertheless not assumed to be universally valid for all members of society. In particular, the contact theory assumes that intercultural encounters should promote positive attitudes toward culturally different individuals and groups. Using a new and unique data set, our Heckman selection models reveal that Swiss who view rising immigration to mean a loss of economic privileges and an erosion of Swiss cultural values are less tolerant toward immigrants. Moreover, our results indicate that contact with immigrants may moderate this effect. However, not all group settings are able to reduce the perceived threats in a similar way, and not all sorts of social contact are able to foster tolerance toward immigrants. 相似文献
259.
Helmut M. Dietl Egon Franck Tariq Hasan Markus Lang 《International Review of Law and Economics》2009,29(2):127-137
Historically, European team sports leagues were run by their respective national and international associations and were legally independent from the professional clubs playing in these leagues. Recently, European leagues have adopted an organizational form similar to their North American counterparts who are organized since their beginning in a cooperative-like manner. Based on a comparative institutional analysis, we explain the advantages of the cooperative form of league organization over contractual governance. With our four-stage game-theoretic model, we show that contractual governance of sports leagues leads to larger investment distortions than cooperative league organization. 相似文献
260.
Markus Gerber Tim Hartmann Serge Brand Edith Holsboer-Trachsler Uwe Pühse 《Journal of criminal justice》2010,38(6):13