Use of multislice computed tomography in disaster victim identification--advantages and limitations

After a mass fatality incident (MFI), all victims have to be rapidly and accurately identified for juridical reasons as well as for the relatives' sake. Since MFIs are often international in scope, Interpol has proposed standard disaster victim identification (DVI) procedures, which have been widely adopted by authorities and forensic experts. This study investigates how postmortem multislice computed tomography (MSCT) can contribute to the DVI process as proposed by Interpol. The Interpol postmortem (PM) form has been analyzed, and a number of items in sections D and E thereof have been postulated to be suitable for documentation by CT data. CT scans have then been performed on forensic cases. Interpretation of the reconstructed images showed that indeed much of the postmortem information required for identification can be gathered from CT data. Further advantages of the proposed approach concern the observer independent documentation, the possibility to reconstruct a variety of images a long time after the event, the possibility to distribute the work by transmitting CT data digitally, and the reduction of time and specialists needed at the disaster site. We conclude that MSCT may be used as a valuable screening tool in DVI in the future.     

Occupational hazard: Predictors of stress among jail correctional officers

The plethora of literature on correctional officers and the work environment, more specifically occupational stress, has focused almost exclusively on officers working in prison facilities. The primary purpose of the current study was to examine the predictors of occupational stress and general stress among 373 jail correctional officers in one state in the Northeast, using the Stressors identified in the previous literature on prison correctional officers and occupational stress. The results indicated that organizational strengths, perceived danger, role problems, and job satisfaction were significant predictors of both occupational and general stress. In addition, gender and salary predicted occupational stress while correctional experience and training predicted general stress. Suggestions are made for administrators, as well as future research on the workplace experiences of correctional officers.     

Quality of Maternal Parenting among Intimate-Partner Violence Victims Involved with the Child Welfare System

Children are overrepresented in households with intimate-partner violence (IPV), and many suffer the double burden of being the subject of maltreatment and bearing the consequences of abuse to their mothers. Despite this situation, little information exists concerning parenting by women who have been abused by an intimate partner. We examine the relationship between women’s experiences with IPV and the quality of maternal parenting using data from the National Survey of Child and Adolescent Well-Being. The sample consisted of 1,943 female caregivers of children younger than 10 years investigated for child maltreatment. Women who had experienced IPV in the past but were no longer victims of IPV had significantly better parenting scores than women who were currently experiencing IPV, when other risk factors were controlled. This study adds to the evidence that IPV does not necessarily impair maternal parenting. Women abused by an intimate partner deserve a thorough assessment of what services they need: parenting services should be offered as warranted on a case-by-case evaluation of the particular woman’s parenting skills.     

Sind Regierungsvorlagen der Staatsfunktion Gesetzgebung oder der Staatsfunktion Vollziehung zuzurechnen?

Der hier vorliegende Aufsatz setzt sich nicht nur mit der Frage auseinander, ob das Erstellen eines Gesetzesentwurfes der Staatsfunktion Gesetzgebung oder Vollziehung zuzurechnen ist, sondern es werden auch die im Gesetzgebungsverfahren zu setzenden Teilakte (Haupt-, Mitwirkungs- und Hilfsfunktionen) einer näheren Analyse unterzogen. Anlass der Untersuchung war die Entscheidung des OGH vom 29. Jänner 2008, mit welcher dieser gemeint hatte, dass ein gemeinschaftswidriger Gesetzesentwurf, der nie Gesetz geworden sei, nicht in das eigentliche Gesetzgebungsverfahren vorgedrungen sei, und daher die Zulässigkeit des Rechtsweges für den geltend gemachten Staatshaftungsanspruch bejaht hatte. Hier wird jedoch die Ansicht vertreten, dass auch schon das Erstellen eines Gesetzesentwurfes der Staatsfunktion Gesetzgebung zugerechnet werden muss und daher iSd Rechtsprechung des VfGH objektiv eine Zurechnung der Gemeinschaftswidrigkeit zur Staatsfunktion Vollziehung nicht möglich ist. Daraus folgt einerseits, dass ausschließlich der VfGH für einen geltend gemachten Staatshaftungsanspruch, der mit einer gemeinschaftswidrigen Regierungsvorlage, welche kein Gesetz wurde, begründet wird, zuständig ist, andererseits, dass in diesem Zusammenhang auch keine Amtshaftungsansprüche gestellt werden können, weil eine Haftung für Fehlverhalten im Bereich der Gesetzgebung nach dem AHG jedenfalls ausgeschlossen ist.     

Ehewohnung und Ehescheidung

Das FamR?G 2009 bringt einerseits vielf?ltige Gestaltungsm?glichkeiten für das Schicksal der Ehewohnung im Fall einer Scheidung und andererseits vielf?ltige rechtliche Schwierigkeiten, was die Grenzen der privatautonomen Rechtsgestaltung betrifft. Die Autoren kommen zu Ergebnissen, die von den bisherigen Stellungnahmen teilweise erheblich abweichen, aber mit dem Gesetz besser in Einklang zu bringen sind.     

Jury on stage: a common law play

Legal processes have a theatrical component to them. They offer an audience (the spectators) and actors (the legal parties, lawyers, as well as the jury and judge) who perform a play on the stage of the courtroom. In this paper we focus on the role of the jury, which appears to be simultaneously audience and actor. As audience, it assures that the power of the judge is limited. As actor, the jury is able to play its role in such a way as to incorporate social attitudes into the verdict. Exploring this theatrical component may shed new light on the debate whether juries are a “good” way of finding legal settlements. Further, it could indicate how legal processes are perceived by the public. As our line of argument builds on Adam Smith’s moral and legal philosophy, the analysis may also contribute to the understanding of one of the building blocks of Smith’s philosophy, namely the impartial spectator.