论政府信息公开诉讼中的证明责任

政府信息公开诉讼与普通行政诉讼在证明责任上存在重要差别,现有的行政诉讼证明责任分配规则不足以完全解决其中的问题。其中,认定政府信息属于国家秘密的证明责任,依申请公开中关于申请条件的证明责任,信息不存在的证明责任,以数据电文形式提出申请的证明责任,都需要在现有证明规则的基础上进一步明确。     

中国古代书证的演进及司法实践

自从中国上古时期发明文字以来,就出现了最早的书证形式。我国先秦以前的书证非常简略,大多书写在木简、竹简、金石器物和布帛之上,非常不便。随着造纸技术的发明和纸张的广泛使用,书证适用于各种民事、刑事和行政诉讼领域。纸张的普及推动了中国古代书证制度的发展,同时也带来了容易伪造的弊端。为了防止伪造和变造书证,历代法典都设有相关的法律条文,对伪造书证的行为给予严惩。针对书证容易伪造和变造的特点,采取了许多预防性措施,如让双方当事人、保人、见证人在各类书证上签字画押,在公、私文书上加盖印章,以保障书证的真实性。书证制度的出现,使中国古代的审判制度从西周以后迅速摆脱了夏商以来野蛮落后的神明裁判方式,向着更加文明化的方向发展。中国古代书证制度的发达,对于减少诉讼成本、降低原被告双方的举证难度也具有重要的作用。书证制度的发展也推动了中国古代法律制度层面的建设,有助于提高民众的法律意识。     

RISK MANAGEMENT: E-BUSINESS STRATEGY RISK MANAGEMENT

In recent years dynamic internet-based start-ups have captured the public imagination through the creation of revolutionary business models. As we are now seeing, many lack the financial stamina to survive and become profitable. Attention has switched to how established companies are trying to clone these new models to their competitive advantage. However, in the rush to do so, many organizations are making quite fundamental strategic mistakes; mistakes that are often then repeated by others. This may be because they have failed to recognize the need to apply advanced risk management thinking to both the strategic and implementation issues surrounding the E-business imperative.     

Milestone in the Protection of Human Rights on the Part of the Accused ——From the Supreme People’s Court recovery of death sentence approval authority

The protection of human rights on the part of the accused is the core of modern human rights protection, known as the barometer of human rights condi-     

Containing Conflict or Instigating Unrest? A Test of the Effects of State Infrastructural Power on Civil Violence

Several scholars argue that state infrastructural power affects the likelihood of civil violence yet make competing claims. Some propose that states with high levels of infrastructural power instigate violence by reducing local autonomy, while others suggest infrastructural power endows states with the capacity to contain civil violence. We test these claims using both qualitative and quantitative methods. Through a pooled time-series analysis of 32 former British colonies, we find that infrastructural power is not significantly related to civil violence, suggesting either that infrastructural power has no effect or no net effect. Then, through case studies of Burma and Botswana, we investigate the impact of infrastructural power on civil violence, focusing on mechanisms and causal conditions. The case studies provide evidence that infrastructural power produces competing mechanisms that negate any net effect and that different conditions and policies affect whether a state’s level of infrastructural power contains conflict or instigates unrest.     

Opinion Backlash and Public Attitudes: Are Political Advances in Gay Rights Counterproductive?

One long‐recognized consequence of the tension between popular sovereignty and democratic values like liberty and equality is public opinion backlash, which occurs when individuals recoil in response to some salient event. For decades, scholars have suggested that opinion backlash impedes policy gains by marginalized groups. Public opinion research, however, suggests that widespread attitude change that backlash proponents theorize is likely to be rare. Examining backlash against gays and lesbians using a series of online and natural experiments about marriage equality, and large‐sample survey data, we find no evidence of opinion backlash among the general public, by members of groups predisposed to dislike gays and lesbians, or from those with psychological traits that may predispose them to lash back. The important implication is that groups pursuing rights should not be dissuaded by threats of backlash that will set their movement back in the court of public opinion.     

侵权法一般条款的保护范围

侵权法一般条款的立法模式及其保护范围是侵权立法中的重要问题。从比较法上看,德国法之规定与法国法之规定各有其优劣,但德国法更具借鉴意义。我国侵权立法,应认真总结以往立法及司法的成功经验,坚持已有的成熟做法,确立符合我国国情的立法模式。我国侵权责任法应通过一般条款列举具体的权利及利益保护范围,同时规定兜底条款,而不应从规定损害概念的角度界定侵权法的保护范围。