Social Welfare and Ethnic Warfare: Exploring the Impact of Education on Ethnic Violence

This article questions the popular assumption that education promotes peaceful ethnic relations and explores ways education potentially contributes to ethnic violence. It begins by describing mechanisms through which education can shape ethnic violence. Next, it provides a comparative–historical analysis of Assam, Cyprus, and Sri Lanka. The analysis offers evidence that education can promote ethnic violence by strengthening ethnic divisions and inter-communal disfavor, increasing frustration and aggression, intensifying competition, and providing mobilizational resources.     

Probation Philosophies and Workload Considerations

Researchers have devoted a great deal of attention to understanding the punishment attitudes of different groups. Much of this research has focused on punishment attitudes of members of the public, while a few studies have considered how criminal justice officials perceive different sanctions. This study explores the justifications of probation rated by a sample of probation and parole officers. Attention is given to whether justifications are tied to the way officers rated the importance of different tasks as well as how much time officers reported their agencies devoting to different types of probation and parole activities. The results show some inconsistencies between justifications and work preferences/work activities. Implications are provided.     

Age estimation charts for a modern Australian population

The ivory industry is the single most serious threat to global elephant populations. A highly sensitive, species-specific real-time PCR assay has been developed to detect and quantify African elephant (Loxodonta africana), Asian elephant (Elephas maximus) and Woolly Mammoth (Mammuthus primigenius) mitochondrial DNA from highly processed samples involved in the international ivory trade. This assay is especially useful for highly processed samples where there are no distinguishing morphological features to identify the species of origin. Using species-specific Taqman(?) probes targeting a region of the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene, we developed an assay that can be used to positively identify samples containing elephant or Woolly mammoth DNA faster and more cost-effectively than traditional sequencing methods. Furthermore, this assay provides a diagnostic result based on probe hybridization that eliminates ambiguities associated with traditional DNA sequence protocols involving low template DNA. The real-time method is highly sensitive, producing accurate and reproducible results in samples with as few as 100 copies of template DNA. This protocol can be applied to the enforcement of the Convention on the International Trade of Endangered Species (CITES), when positive identification of species from illegally traded products is required by conservation officers in wildlife forensic cases.     

The Deterioration of Democratic Political Culture: Consequences of the Perception of Inequality

Using survey data from nine East European members of the European Union, I find that citizens’ political and social disengagement is strongly related to their perceptions of inequalities in society. Specifically, individuals’ perceptions that income and social inequalities are excessive clearly coordinates with lower levels of trust and political efficacy, as well as higher levels of both a general suspicion of others and political apathy. This is troubling as these attitudes and orientations are part of what constitute a healthy democratic political culture and thus germane to the long-term legitimacy of both national and EU governance. Further, in contrast to much of the work on inequality, this effect is neither contingent on individuals’ income levels nor clearly linked to national-level economic indicators.     

The Political Offender Exception in International Extradition Law: Terrorism Versus Human Rights

The political offense exception in the law of international extradition is one of the issues over which the justifiability of terrorist violence is being debated. The evolution of the political offender exception is sketched and the provisions of the 1986 Supplementary Treaty between the United States and the United Kingdom, which effectively eliminated the political offender exception for violent offenders, are outlined. The debate over the merits of the Treaty then is summarized. A concluding analysis suggests that limited violence is justified in defense of democracy and fundamental human rights and that the political offender exception should be interpreted so as to promote these values.     

Federal, state, and local governments: evaluating their separate roles in US growth

We use US county level data from 1970 to 1998 to explore the relationship between economic growth and government employment at three levels: federal, state and local. Increases in federal, state and local government employments are all negatively related to economic growth. We find no evidence that government is more efficient at lower levels. While we cannot separate out the productive and redistributive services of government, we document that the county-level income distribution became slightly more unequal from 1970 to 1998. We conclude that a release of government-employed labor inputs to the private sector would be growth-enhancing.     

Conceptualizing attorney general conduct in Charter litigation: From independence to central agency

Abstract: The conduct of attorneys general in litigation involving the Charter of Rights and Freedoms has been the subject of little theoretical contextualization by social scientists. Legal scholars, beginning with John Edwards, have dominated discussion of this issue to date, largely to advocate that attorneys general should act independently of their governments, because to do otherwise would, in their view, violate the Constitution. Without addressing the logic of that argument, this article offers an alternative conception of the role of attorneys general, derived from public administration theory: that attorney general litigation can be a central agency function, for both policy development (when governments “refer” draft legislation to the court for an assessment of its constitutionality) and for policy defence against judicial invalidation (after bureaucratic implementation, during regular litigation initiated by individuals and groups affected by the policy). The focus here is on Canada's attorney general, whose role in litigation has received the most scholarly attention to date. A series of cases involving same‐sex marriage in 2003 is used to illustrate this alternative conceptualization. Evidence suggests that attorney general Martin Cauchon advanced his government's initial strategy of defending the traditional definition of marriage, contrary to his own belief that it was discriminatory under the Charter. The subsequent reference to the Supreme Court of Canada exemplifies how reference cases can be used by the political centre to manage the agenda in terms of timing and issue‐framing. Sommaire : La conduite des procureurs généraux dans les procédures impliquant la Charte des droits et libertés a fait l'objet de peu de contextualisation théorique de la part des spécialistes en sciences sociales. Les juristes, à commencer par John Edwards, ont jusqu'à présent dominé les discussions sur cette question, principalement pour préconiser le fait que les procureurs généraux devraient agir de façon indépendante de leurs gouvernements, sinon, selon eux, cela porterait atteinte à la Constitution. Sans s'attarder sur la logique de cet argument, le présent article offre une conception différente du rôle des procureurs généraux, découlant de la théorie de l'administration publique : à savoir que les procureurs généraux à l'instance peuvent être une fonction d'un organisme central, à la fois pour l'élaboration de politiques (lorsque les gouvernements « renvoient » des avant‐projets de lois en Cour pour une évaluation de leur constitutionnalité) et pour la défense de politiques contre une annulation judiciaire (après une mise en œuvre bureaucratique, au cours de l'introduction d'une instance régulière par des particuliers et des groupes touchés par la politique). Le point central se pose sur le procureur général du Canada, dont le rôle dans les procédures a reçu jusqu'à présent le plus d'attention de la part des chercheurs. Une série de cas ayant trait aux mariages de conjoints de même sexe en 2003 a été utilisée pour illustrer cette conceptualisation alternative. Les éléments de preuve laissent entendre que le procureur général, Martin Cauchon, a promu la stratégie initiale de son gouvernement consistant à défendre la définition traditionnelle du mariage, allant à l'encontre de ses propres convictions que cela était discriminatoire en vertu de la Charte. Le renvoi subséquent à la Cour suprême du Canada illustre comment les affaires renvoyées à l'arbitrage peuvent être utilisées par le centre politique pour gérer l'ordre du jour en termes de calendrier et des questions en jeu.