Urban Continent,Urban Activism? European Cities and Social Movement Activism

The European Union is currently experiencing a major protest wave. Citizens all over the continent are taking to the streets in droves to express their dissatisfaction with austerity policies, high unemployment, ineffective leadership and other issues. Many of these protests have been centred in large cities, but while some scholarly work notes the expressly urban nature of contemporary social movement activity, no studies test the effect of urban residential status on the likelihood of social movement participation in the presence of other factors. I hypothesise that cities positively influence the prevalence of social movement activity in the countries of the European Union. Using the multilevel 5th wave of the European Social Survey, I examine how urbanity, resources and grievances influence the likelihood of participation in four different forms of activism: wearing a protest badge, boycotting a product, signing a petition and participating in a demonstration. A series of multilevel mixed-effects regression models indicate that resources and urban status best predict the likelihood of participation in the four activities, indicating that cities offer better environments for social movement activity. I conclude with a discussion about European movement activity and urban society.     

Leopards Can Change Their Spots: When Leaders Take Out of Character Actions

According to audience cost theories, out of character actions by hawkish leaders are likely when such leaders can use their reputations to deflect criticism. This analysis examines the theory of out of character actions, focusing on shifting international conditions and the use of secrecy to allow leaders both to lead public opinion and avoid unwanted scrutiny. The plausibility of this theory is tested in the paradigmatic case for hawkish policy reversal: Richard Nixon’s rapprochement with China in 1971–1972. Examination of four facets of Sino–American relations—the Soviet dimension, conservative opposition to rapprochement, growing domestic support for improved relations, and the secrecy of negotiations—reveal the significance of contextual factors and Nixon’s decisions in explaining improved relations. Leaders can effectively change their type with minimal political repercussions, as long as conditions are favourable and audience costs can be minimised.     

Jean‐Paul Sartre on violence and terror

The article examines Sartre's understanding of the internal meaning of group violence, and in particular the role of violence in forming the group's collective personality. The pledge creates the justification for internal terror; through the group, the ‘origin of humanity’ emerges and a ‘common freedom’ is realized. For Sartre, there is no substitute for the creative function of violence.     

Federal, state, and local governments: evaluating their separate roles in US growth

We use US county level data from 1970 to 1998 to explore the relationship between economic growth and government employment at three levels: federal, state and local. Increases in federal, state and local government employments are all negatively related to economic growth. We find no evidence that government is more efficient at lower levels. While we cannot separate out the productive and redistributive services of government, we document that the county-level income distribution became slightly more unequal from 1970 to 1998. We conclude that a release of government-employed labor inputs to the private sector would be growth-enhancing.     

Conceptualizing attorney general conduct in Charter litigation: From independence to central agency

Abstract: The conduct of attorneys general in litigation involving the Charter of Rights and Freedoms has been the subject of little theoretical contextualization by social scientists. Legal scholars, beginning with John Edwards, have dominated discussion of this issue to date, largely to advocate that attorneys general should act independently of their governments, because to do otherwise would, in their view, violate the Constitution. Without addressing the logic of that argument, this article offers an alternative conception of the role of attorneys general, derived from public administration theory: that attorney general litigation can be a central agency function, for both policy development (when governments “refer” draft legislation to the court for an assessment of its constitutionality) and for policy defence against judicial invalidation (after bureaucratic implementation, during regular litigation initiated by individuals and groups affected by the policy). The focus here is on Canada's attorney general, whose role in litigation has received the most scholarly attention to date. A series of cases involving same‐sex marriage in 2003 is used to illustrate this alternative conceptualization. Evidence suggests that attorney general Martin Cauchon advanced his government's initial strategy of defending the traditional definition of marriage, contrary to his own belief that it was discriminatory under the Charter. The subsequent reference to the Supreme Court of Canada exemplifies how reference cases can be used by the political centre to manage the agenda in terms of timing and issue‐framing. Sommaire : La conduite des procureurs généraux dans les procédures impliquant la Charte des droits et libertés a fait l'objet de peu de contextualisation théorique de la part des spécialistes en sciences sociales. Les juristes, à commencer par John Edwards, ont jusqu'à présent dominé les discussions sur cette question, principalement pour préconiser le fait que les procureurs généraux devraient agir de façon indépendante de leurs gouvernements, sinon, selon eux, cela porterait atteinte à la Constitution. Sans s'attarder sur la logique de cet argument, le présent article offre une conception différente du rôle des procureurs généraux, découlant de la théorie de l'administration publique : à savoir que les procureurs généraux à l'instance peuvent être une fonction d'un organisme central, à la fois pour l'élaboration de politiques (lorsque les gouvernements « renvoient » des avant‐projets de lois en Cour pour une évaluation de leur constitutionnalité) et pour la défense de politiques contre une annulation judiciaire (après une mise en œuvre bureaucratique, au cours de l'introduction d'une instance régulière par des particuliers et des groupes touchés par la politique). Le point central se pose sur le procureur général du Canada, dont le rôle dans les procédures a reçu jusqu'à présent le plus d'attention de la part des chercheurs. Une série de cas ayant trait aux mariages de conjoints de même sexe en 2003 a été utilisée pour illustrer cette conceptualisation alternative. Les éléments de preuve laissent entendre que le procureur général, Martin Cauchon, a promu la stratégie initiale de son gouvernement consistant à défendre la définition traditionnelle du mariage, allant à l'encontre de ses propres convictions que cela était discriminatoire en vertu de la Charte. Le renvoi subséquent à la Cour suprême du Canada illustre comment les affaires renvoyées à l'arbitrage peuvent être utilisées par le centre politique pour gérer l'ordre du jour en termes de calendrier et des questions en jeu.     

Qualitative Evaluation of a High School Mental Health Program

Expanded school mental health (ESMH) programs offer a comprehensive range of mental health services (evaluation, therapy, case management) to youth in special and regular education. Research is needed to document that these programs are in fact providing quality care to youth and leading to enhanced outcomes. In this exploratory study, focus groups were conducted with high school students receiving mental health services and students not receiving services, therapists, parents, administrators, and health care staff to gauge the quality and effectiveness of an ESMH program. It was difficult to schedule parents for group sessions; thus, interviews also were conducted with this group. Focus groups and interviews were effective methods for understanding strengths, areas for improvement, and outcomes for our ESMH program. Participants reported that therapy served as a protective factor, enhancing physical and mental health and reducing risk for teenagers. Ideas for improving clinical practice were developed from study results.     

Correlates of subjective stress among drug court clients

Psychosocial stress is consistently found to promote initiation, intensification, and relapse in drug abuse. It would, therefore, be desirable to identify characteristics of offenders who are at heightened risk for stress-induced exacerbations of addictive behavior. In this cross-sectional, correlational, interview study, 500 clients of two Kentucky drug courts averaged 30 years of age and were predominantly male, White, employed, high school educated, single, and adjudicated in small- and medium-size cities. Five independent correlates of greater subjective stress emerged in stepwise multiple regression analysis (R2 = .395): use of escape-avoidance coping, positive reappraisal coping (inversely associated), more negative life events, better self-rated health (inversely associated), and access to social support related to work problems (inversely associated). Treatment interventions emphasizing effective coping styles and building of social support as well as managing of negative life events and perceptions of health may serve to lessen subjective stress and its consequences in drug-abusing criminal populations.