Fidelity of Implementation of a State Antibullying Policy With a Focus on Protected Social Classes

Bullying threatens the mental and educational well-being of students. All states have enacted antibullying laws. This study surveyed 634 educators about the implementation of the North Carolina School Violence Prevention Act, which enumerated social classes protected from bullying: race, national origin, gender, socioeconomic status, sexual orientation, gender identity, appearance, and disability. Results showed that local antibullying policies most often included race as a protected class and least often included sexual orientation and gender identity. More educators had been trained on bullying based on race than any other social class. Students were more often informed that bullying based on race was prohibited and were least often informed about prohibitions regarding sexual orientation and gender identity. Reporting, investigating, and remediating bullying was highest for racial bullying, followed by disability bullying, and was lowest for bullying based on sexual orientation and gender identity.     

Book reviews

Volodymyr Kubijovy? (ed.), Ukraine: A Concise Encyclopaedia. Prepared by Shevchenko Scientific Society. Foreword by Ernest J. Simmons. Volume II. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1971. xliii + 1394 pp.

Ellendea Proffer (ed.), The Early Plays of Mikhail Bulgakov. Translated by Carl R. Proffer and Ellendea Proffer. Bloomington and London: Indiana UP, 1972. xxvii + 418 pp. $10.00. £4.75.

Ellendea Proffer and Carl R. Proffer (eds.), Mikhail Bulgakov: Diaboliad and Other Stories. Translated by Carl R. Proffer. Bloomington and London: Indiana UP, 1972. xx + 236 pp. $5.95. £2.85.

Philip Hanson, The Development of Advertising in Eastern Europe. London: The Advertising Association [1973]. (Research Studies in Advertising No. 7.) 140 pp. £1.75 (paperback).

Josef Breburda (ed.), Landwirtschaftliche Probleme der Ukraine. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz, 1971. 235 pp.

Werner G. Hahn, The Politics of Soviet Agriculture, 1960–1970. Baltimore and London: Johns Hopkins UP, 1972. xix + 311 pp. £5.65.

Gayle Durham Hollander, Soviet Political Indoctrination. Developments in Mass Media and Propaganda Since Stalin. New York: Praeger Publishers and London: Pall Mall Press, 1972. (Praeger Special Studies in International Politics and Public Affairs.) xviii + 244 pp. £6.25.

Zvi Y. Gitelman, Jewish Nationality and Soviet Politics. The Jewish Sections of the CPSU, 1917–1930. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton UP, 1972, and London: OUP, 1973. xii + 573 pp. $20.00. £10.00.

Michael Waller, The Language of Communism. A Commentary. London: The Bodley Head, 1972. 183 pp. £2.00.

Joseph S. Berliner, Economy, Society and Welfare: A Study in Social Economics. New York: Praeger Publishers and London: Pall Mall Press, 1972. xvii + 196 pp. £5.75.

James R. Millar (ed.), The Soviet Rural Community. A Symposium. Urbana and London: University of Illinois Press, 1971. xv + 420 pp. $12.50. £6.00.

J. Wilczynski, Profit, Risk and Incentives under Socialist Economic Planning. London: Macmillan, 1973. viii + 232 pp. £5.50.

E. L. Johnson, An Introduction to the Soviet Legal System. London: Methuen, 1972. viii + 243 pp. £1.60 (paperback).

Roy D. Laird, The Soviet Paradigm. An Experiment in Creating a Mono‐hierarchical Polity. New York: The Free Press and London: Collier‐Macmillan Publishers, 1971. xxviii + 272 pp. £4.00.

George R. Feiwel, Industrialization and Planning under Polish Socialism. Vol. I—Poland's Industrialization Policy: A Current Analysis. Sources of Economic Growth and Retrogression. Vol. II—Problems in Polish Economic Planning. Continuity, Change, and Prospects. New York: Praeger Publishers, 1971 and London: Pall Mall Press, 1972. (Praeger Special Studies in International Economics and Development.) xxv + 748 pp. and xvii + 454 pp. £10.50 and £8.50.

Dorothy W. Douglas, Transitional Economic Systems: The Polish‐Czech Example. Introduction by Lynn Turgeon, New York and London: Monthly Review Press, 1972. xxxii + 375 pp. £4.90.

David McLellan, The Thought of Karl Marx. An Introduction. London: Macmillan, 1971. ix + 237 pp. £3.50. £1.50 (paperback).

Daniel Tarschys, Beyond the State. The Future Polity in Classical and Soviet Marxism. Stockholm: Scandinavian University Books, 1971. 261 pp. (paperback).     

Health Care Capital Financing Agencies: The Intergovernmental Roles of Quasi-Government Authorities and the Impact on the Cost of Capital

During the decade 1983-1992, approximately $1.4 trillion of municipal bonds were sold in 87,000 in separate issues, primarily to finance capital projects for education, electric power, transportation, health care, housing, and other public and private purpose activities. Approximately two-thirds of these financings were originated by financing authorities, quasi-government agencies which are the creation of state legislature. Despite the growing role played by quasi-public authorities in capital finance, their impacts have not been studied systematically. We first describe the issuers of tax-exempt debt in the health sector and then derive measures for describing the mix of issuers between state and local levels, and between both government and quasi-government sectors. We present abbreviated test results of the impact that different mixes have on the cost of capital. First, competition is good: using a Herfindahl index analysis we show that states with less concentrated issuers have a lower cost of capital than those with a more concentrated market, including state-level finance monopolies. On the other hand, we cannot assert unequivocally that market deconcentration, in and of itself, should be a goal. For instance, there are economies of scale in the health care finance industry that allow larger (often state-level) issuers to lower the cost of capital.