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131.
Kees Van den Bos 《Social Justice Research》2001,14(1):1-23
In correspondence with terror management theory, the findings of two experiments show that reminders of death lead to stronger effects of perceived fairness on ratings of negative affect. Furthermore, in line with the theory's self-esteem mechanism, results of Experiment 1 suggest that state self-esteem may mediate this relationship between mortality salience and fairness. In further correspondence with the self-esteem mechanism, findings of Experiment 2 reveal that introducing an activity (after reminders of death and before the fairness manipulation) with which people can reaffirm positive conceptions of themselves leads people to react less strongly to variations in fairness than not introducing such a self-affirmation activity. These findings suggest that people react especially strongly to perceived fairness when they are in need for a boost in their self-esteem. Implications for the psychology of fairness are discussed. 相似文献
132.
Duits N Doreleijers TA van den Brink W 《International journal of law and psychiatry》2008,31(3):236-240
BACKGROUND: Assessment of violence risk in youth for juvenile court needs to be improved. AIM: To determine which items of the Structured Assessment of Violence Risk in Youth (SAVRY) are recorded in pre-trial mental health evaluations and which of these items are associated with the clinical judgment of the risk of violent recidivism. METHOD: A total of one hundred forensic diagnostic juvenile court files were rated with regard to the presence or absence of the thirty SAVRY risk items: ten historical, six contextual and eight individual items, and six protective items. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis were used to examine the relationship between SAVRY risk items and the clinical judgment of violence risk. RESULTS: Most SAVRY-items had been recorded in the files. However, five historical items and the contextual item 'rejection by peers' did not appear in 25-62% of the files. Especially SAVRY items like 'negative-attitudes' and 'psychopathic traits' were the most powerful predictors for clinical judgment of high violence risk. Unexpectedly, historical items played a minor role in clinical judgment. CONCLUSION: Prospective research is needed with the use of SAVRY-items to improve evidence based violence risk assessment in court ordered mental health evaluations of youngsters. 相似文献
133.
Kimonis ER Frick PJ Skeem JL Marsee MA Cruise K Munoz LC Aucoin KJ Morris AS 《International journal of law and psychiatry》2008,31(3):241-252
The presence of callous-unemotional (CU) traits designates an important subgroup of antisocial youth. To improve upon existing measures, the Inventory of Callous-Unemotional Traits (ICU) was developed to provide an efficient, reliable, and valid assessment of CU traits in samples of youth. The current study tests the factor structure and correlates of the ICU scale in a sample (n=248) of juvenile offenders (188 boys, 60 girls) between the ages of 12 and 20 (M=15.47, SD=1.37). Confirmatory factor analyses are consistent with the presence of three independent factors (i.e., Uncaring, Callousness, and Unemotional) that relate to a higher-order callous-unemotional dimension. Also, CU traits overall showed associations with aggression, delinquency, and both psychophysiological and self-report indices of emotional reactivity. There were some important differences across the three facets of the ICU in their associations with these key external criteria. 相似文献
134.
Using one mock trial scenario, this study investigated whether religious and demographic factors were related to death penalty
attitudes and sentencing verdicts. Those who favored the death penalty differed from those who had doubts about the penalty
in gender, affiliation, fundamentalism, evangelism, literal Biblical interpretism, beliefs about God’s attitudes toward murders,
and perceptions of how their religious groups felt about the death penalty. These relationships generally held after mock
jurors were death qualified. Gender, fundamentalism, literal interpretism, beliefs about God’s death penalty position, and
perceptions of how one’s religious group felt about the death penalty predicted death penalty sentencing verdicts. Future
research could determine whether using peremptory challenges to exclude potential jurors based on religion can help lawyers
choose a more favorable jury.
The present research was supported by the National Science Foundation award number 0351811, the Society for the Psychological
Study of Social Issues, the American Psychology-Law Society, and the University of Nebraska Law-Psychology Program. This research
was presented at the 2006 conference of the American Psychology-Law Society. The authors are grateful for the research assistance
of Nick Fanning and Beth Herschlag and for the helpful comments from Brian Bornstein, Rich Wiener, Bob Schopp, Dick Dienstbier,
and several anonymous reviewers. 相似文献
135.
G. J. J. M. Stams M. Deković D. Brugman E. A. Rutten G. L. H. Van den Wittenboer L. W. C. Tavecchio J. Hendriks M. Van Schijndel 《Journal of Experimental Criminology》2008,4(1):41-60
This study examined the reliability and validity of the Moral Orientation Measure (MOM), which was administered to 75 juvenile
delinquents and 579 non-delinquent adolescents from lower socio-economic and educational backgrounds. Confirmatory factor
analysis of a two-factor model, with punishment- and victim-based moral orientation as factors, showed an adequate fit to
the data, indicating construct validity of the MOM. Moderate associations between moral orientation and sociomoral reasoning,
as well as empathy, were also considered indicative of construct validity. Additional evidence for construct validity was
found in only small associations between moral orientation and social desirability and verbal intelligence. Stronger victim-based
orientation proved to be associated with less norm trespassing behaviour in non-delinquent adolescents and more prosocial
behaviour in juvenile delinquents, which was considered indicative of concurrent validity. The results of this study strengthen
the case for the MOM as a reliable and valid instrument to assess moral development in adolescents at risk of behavioural
maladjustment, showing that moral orientation is differently associated with morally relevant behaviour in delinquent and
non-delinquent adolescents.
相似文献
G. J. J. M. StamsEmail: |
136.
Institutional Collective Action on Drugs: Functional and Vertical Dilemmas of Unused Pharmaceuticals
The authors use the Institutional Collective Action Framework to analyze the barriers, opposition, and opportunities for residential pharmaceutical disposal programs in the United States via a case study on a series of take‐back programs pioneered in the state of Washington by local and state governments, as well as the corresponding backlash from federal agencies. While successful in some ways, these innovative solutions directly challenged the competing federal policy regimes controlled by the Drug Enforcement Agency (DEA), and, to a lesser extent, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Findings from case studies suggest that functional dilemmas created by existing institutions with entrenched regulatory regimes are a key challenge to finding efficient solutions to vertical ICA dilemmas. Conclusions, then, connect to the broader ICA research agenda, and implications for multi‐level governance issues. 相似文献
137.
138.
Siobhan ODonovan Daniel Lewis Corinna van den Heuvel Matthew Baldock Melissa A. Humphries Roger W. Byard 《Journal of forensic sciences》2022,67(1):257-264
Motor vehicle driver fatalities (≥18 years) from the files at Forensic Science South Australia were reviewed from January 2008 to December 2018 for cases in which either positive blood sample for methamphetamine (MA) or an illegal blood alcohol concentration (BAC) >0.05g/100 ml were found. Three hundred driver deaths were found with MA detected in 28 cases (age range 21–62 years; ave. 37.8 years; M:F 23:5). Hundred and fifteen cases with a BAC > 0.05 g/100 ml were identified (age range 18–67 years; ave 35.7 years; M:F 95:20). No change was found in numbers of MA cases, although alcohol cases showed a significant decline (p < 0.001). Drunk driving-related fatal crashes tended to occur in the evening (5 p.m. to 11 p.m.), while MA-related fatal crashes had a longer peak extending from late evening until late morning (11 p.m. to 8 a.m.). This study has demonstrated that while roadside breath testing, legislative changes, and increased monitoring have resulted in reduced levels of drunk driving, similar safety countermeasures have had negligible effects on MA use in drivers. Continued monitoring of MA use by drivers will, therefore, be necessary to assess the possible effects, or not, of new countermeasures. 相似文献
139.
140.