A study into the rate of incorporation of eight benzodiazepines into rat hair

The incorporation of eight benzodiazepines (chlordiazepoxide, diazepam, estazolam, flunitrazepam, flurazepam, medazepam, oxazepam and triazolam) into rat hair was investigated by HPLC and GC-MS. Each of the benzodiazepines was injected daily into three Dark Agouti (DA) rats for 10 days at 10mg/kg. The back hair of the rats was removed by shaving prior to the first injection and again on the 28th day after the initial administration.To investigate optimum extraction conditions, 10mg aliquots of rat hair incorporated with diazepam, flurazepam or medazepam were extracted by seven different methods (Proteinase K, methanol-ammonia, methanol-trifluoroacetic acid, Soerensens buffer, 1M NaOH, beta-glucuronidase/arylsulfatase, Biopurase). The method found to yield the highest recoveries, for all three drugs, was the acidic methanol extraction. Using this extraction procedure, the incorporation rates (ICR: the ratio of the hair concentration to the plasma AUC) of eight benzodiazepines into rat hair were investigated. The ICRs ranged from 0.002 (flunitrazepam) to 0.049 (flurazepam).The major metabolites of flurazepam were investigated in rat hair. The mean hair concentrations of desalkylflurazepam and 2-hydroxyethylflurazepam were 3.31 and 0.05 ng/mg, respectively, which are 24 and 0.36% of the parent compound in hair.     

日本欺骗侦查所获同意与正当程序

侦查人员欺骗侦查不同于“诱惑侦查”之处在于，欺骗侦查并非是国家在制造犯罪，而是侦查人员为了方便侦破犯罪，在证据收集等侦查过程中使用欺骗手段。这些欺骗手段的共同特点是违法程度较轻，但做法欠缺公正性。在强制侦查(处分)和任意侦查(处分)中都存在侦查人员欺骗侦查的情形，欺骗侦查原则上是违法的，但是，这种违法是否直接导致证据排除的后果则至少应当综合考虑以下因素：欺骗是否导致本来应当实施的合法的强制处分或任意处分未实施，欺骗的性质、程度是否达到了日常生活中不容忽视的重大程度，因欺骗所受侵害的法益是否重大等。     

论构建我国循环经济法律体系

循环经济法律体系是由构成循环经济法的全部现行的法律规范所组成的相互联系、相互补充、内部协调一致的统一体。构建我国的循环经济法律体系具有重要的理论意义。针对我国循环经济与循环经济法的发展现状,我国在构建循环经济法律体系的过程中主要应当根据循环经济的基本原理及其基本规律,结合法治的本质要求,以实体性原则为指导。构建的基本思路是以科学发展观为指导,处理好各种复杂的经济社会关系,在宪法的统率下不断完善循环经济基本法和各单项法律、法规以及加快地方立法。     

The Pointed Shape of a Knife Influences Eyewitness Perception

We examined the hypothesis that a pointed knife attracts particular attention because of its pointed shape. Using a visual search task method, we asked 33 participants to search 3 × 3 matrices containing outlines of knives with pointed blades such as chef’s knives and knives with rectangular blades such as Chinese chopping knives and to determine whether the matrices contained identical or non-identical knives. The participants found a pointed knife within a background of knives with rectangular blades more quickly than under the reverse condition. This result indicates that the pointed shape of a knife has an attribute that captures human attention and suggests that the visual features of a weapon affect eyewitness perception. This research would benefit forensic investigations in countries such as Japan, where gun ownership is banned and perpetrators use knives more often than firearms.     

Hair analysis for drug abuse, Part II. Hair analysis for monitoring of methamphetamine abuse by isotope dilution gas chromatography/mass spectrometry

Sectional analysis of methamphetamine abuser's hair was performed by using stable-isotope dilution GC/MS method. Drug concentrations of hair shaft cut into 2-cm sections from the root side were compared with the self-reported drug histories of 11 cases and the results of experiments on monkeys. It was found that in nine of the 11 cases, the relationship between the results of sectional analysis and drug histories coincided, but the sectional analyses of two cases were not consistent with self-reported drug history. The difference in drug concentrations between the regions of scalp hair was also investigated. Our study suggests that hair analysis, especially sectional analysis, may be useful in determining past drug history even though it is not exact.     

A Comparison of DNA Extraction Using AutoMate Express™ and EZ1 Advanced XL from Liquid Blood,Bloodstains, and Semen Stains

In this study, DNA was extracted using an AutoMate Express? and an EZ1 Advanced XL from liquid blood, fresh and aged bloodstains, and fresh and aged semen stains. Extracted DNA was quantified by real‐time PCR using the D17Z1 locus. Short tandem repeat typing was performed using an AmpF?STR^® Identifiler kit. The yields of DNA obtained by the AutoMate Express? were higher from fresh bloodstains and fresh semen stains, almost the same from aged bloodstains and aged semen stains, but slightly lower from liquid blood compared with those obtained by the EZ1 Advanced XL. The addition of dithiothreitol or the use of PrepFiler? lysis buffer improved the EZ1 Advanced XL results from fresh bloodstains, but not for liquid blood and aged bloodstains. Our results demonstrated that the PrepFiler? lysis buffer is the main contributor to the higher DNA yields of the AutoM ate Express? for fresh bloodstains.     

Abuse of smoking methamphetamine mixed with tobacco: I. Inhalation efficiency and pyrolysis products of methamphetamine

Experiments of smoking methamphetamine in tobacco have been investigated. Inhalation efficiencies of methamphetamine into tar were 6 to 17% according to the additive amounts, suction volume, and intervals of smoking. Major pyrolysis products of methamphetamine in tar were identified as methamphetamine, amphetamine, phenylacetone, dimethylamphetamine, N-formyl-, N-acetyl-, N-propionyl-, and N-cyanomethyl-methamphetamine by the spectral analysis of infrared spectra (IR), mass spectra (MS), and proton magnetic resonance spectra (PMR), and comparison with the samples synthesized from authentic samples by one step. The largest pyrolysis product was N-cyanomethylmethamphetamine which is a new compound and easily metabolized to methamphetamine in the body. Methamphetamine itself transferred into tar was not so large, but the total active compounds in tar which would be metabolized to methamphetamine in the body were considerably larger.     

论股票发行核准制

《中华人民共和国证券法》规定 ,在我国股票发行采用核准制。这一制度是在对我国证券市场发展的实际作出准确评价的基础上顺应我国股票发行的需要而确定的。然而这一制度的固有缺陷在中国现阶段股票发行中不但不能克服 ,而且会愈益突出 ,因此从根本上说核准制仅仅是向注册制的过渡。我国的股票发行审核制度最终必然会实行注册制 ,为此从现在开始应当作好这方面的必要准备。     

WTO与我国就业对策

我国加入WTO后,劳动力市场进一步对外开放,将给劳动力就业带来巨大的挑战和冲击,失业风险加剧。为此,必须加快信息化发展、加快城市化进程、促进中小企业发展、大力开发人力资源和完善社会保障制度等,以保证就业问题的解决。     

试论西部大开发的法治保障问题

西部大开发是党中央着眼于现代化建设的大局提出的战略构想。延边参与西部大开发是摆脱贫穷和落后的一个重要转折点。保障投资法制环境是充分享受西部大开发政策、发展经济的重中之重。