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321.
Deborah Cheney 《Feminist Legal Studies》2010,18(2):115-136
This article discusses the work of Dr Mary Louisa Gordon, who was appointed as the first English Lady Inspector of Prisons
in 1908, and remained in post until 1921. Her attitude towards and treatment of women prisoners, as explained in her 1922
book Penal Discipline, stands in sharp contrast to that of her male contemporaries, and the categorisation of her approach as ‘feminist’ is reinforced
by her documented connections with the suffragette movement. Yet her feminist and suffragist associations also resulted in
the marginalisation and dismissal of her work, such that Mary Gordon and Penal Discipline are virtually unknown today. Nevertheless, her insights into the position and needs of women prisoners retain a striking
contemporary relevance. 相似文献
322.
323.
324.
Heidi E. Grunwald Brian Lockwood Philip W. Harris Jeremy Mennis 《Journal of youth and adolescence》2010,39(9):1067-1079
This study examined the effects of neighborhood context on juvenile recidivism to determine if neighborhoods influence the
likelihood of reoffending. Although a large body of literature exists regarding the impact of environmental factors on delinquency,
very little is known about the effects of these factors on juvenile recidivism. The sample analyzed includes 7,061 delinquent
male juveniles committed to community-based programs in Philadelphia, of which 74% are Black, 13% Hispanic, and 11% White.
Since sample youths were nested in neighborhoods, a hierarchical generalized linear model was employed to predict recidivism
across three general categories of recidivism offenses: drug, violent, and property. Results indicate that predictors vary
across the types of offenses and that drug offending differs from property and violent offending. Neighborhood-level factors
were found to influence drug offense recidivism, but were not significant predictors of violent offenses, property offenses,
or an aggregated recidivism measure, despite contrary expectations. Implications stemming from the finding that neighborhood
context influences only juvenile drug recidivism are discussed. 相似文献
325.
Michael J. Cleveland Mark E. Feinberg Mark T. Greenberg 《Journal of youth and adolescence》2010,39(2):114-126
This study used data from a sample of 6th to 12th grade students (N = 48,641, 51% female), nested in 192 schools, to determine if the influence of family-based protective factors varied across
different school contexts. Hierarchical logistic regression models were used to examine the effects of individual-level family
protective factors, relative to school-level aggregates of the same factors, on recent (past 30 days) use of cigarettes, alcohol,
and marijuana. Cross-level interactions indicated that the effect of the student’s level of family protection, relative to
other students in their school, differed depending on the aggregated school level of family protection. The results suggested
that the benefit of belonging to a well-functioning family was more influential for students attending schools characterized
by higher-than-average aggregated levels of protection compared to students attending schools of lower-than-average protection.
Thus, family-level factors offered less protection for students in relatively high-risk school contexts. These results were
consistent with a protective–reactive interaction and suggest that a thorough understanding of adolescent substance use must
consider the complex interplay among adolescents, their families, and their social environments. 相似文献
326.
Underage drinking is among the most serious of public health problems facing adolescents in the United States. Recent concerns
have centered on young women, reflected in media reports and arrest statistics on their increasing problematic alcohol use.
This study rigorously examined whether girls’ alcohol use rose by applying time series methods to both arrest data, Uniform Crime Reports, and self-report data from Monitoring the Future, a nationally representative long-term survey gathered independently of crime control agents. All self-reported drinking behaviors
across all age groups show declining or unchanged female rates and no significant change in the gender gap, while the official
source displays a steady narrowing gender gap and some increase of female arrest rates for liquor law violations. Results
indicate that social control measures applied to underage drinking have shifted to target young women’s drinking patterns,
but their drinking has not become more widespread/problematic. Girls’ increased alcohol use and abuse is a socially constructed
problem, rather than the result of normalization of drinking or more strain in girls’ lives. Future underage drinking policies
and practices that apply legal intervention strategies to less chronic adolescent drinking behaviors will increase the visibility
of girls’ drinking. 相似文献
327.
Latinas in the United States are at a disproportionate risk for STDs and sexual risk behaviors. Among Latinas, acculturation
has been found to be one of the most important predictors of these behaviors. Therefore, this study examined the longitudinal
association between Latina adolescents’ level of acculturation and multiple sexual risk outcomes, including self-report STD
diagnosis, four or more life-time sex partners, regret of sexual initiation after alcohol use, and lack of condom use during
young adulthood. Based on the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (Add Health), this study includes a nationally
representative sample of 1,073 Latina adolescents (ages 11–20 at Wave 1) transitioning into young adulthood (ages 18–27 at
Wave 3). Our findings indicate that more acculturated Latinas who spoke English at home were more likely to have STDs and
to exhibit sexual risk behaviors than Latinas who were foreign-born and did not use English at home. Interventions that aim
to promote sexual and reproductive health among young Latinas should take into consideration their different levels of acculturation.
This approach holds greater potential for reducing health disparities among Latinas. 相似文献
328.
Previous findings have shown both beneficial and adverse effects of parents’ attempts to influence adolescents’ eating habits.
The current study examined the differential effect of parents’ persuasion (e.g., encouragement, giving information) and pressure
tactics (e.g., guilt induction, ridicule) and the moderating influence of parental warmth on older adolescents’ emotional
and behavioral responses. An ethnically diverse sample of 336 older adolescents (M age = 18.6; SD = 1.1; 58.0% female) were surveyed. Adolescents who reported higher levels of pressure tactics by parents reported more negative
affect and behavioral resistance. Perceived parental warmth moderated the influence of persuasion tactics, but not pressure
tactics. For adolescents with low parental warmth, high levels of persuasion were associated with more negative emotional
and behavioral responses; persuasion had the opposite associations for adolescents with high parental warmth. These results
suggest that parental warmth plays an important role in how older adolescents respond to parents’ persuasion tactics. However,
when parents use more forceful pressure tactics to influence eating habits, adolescents react negatively regardless of the
overall quality of the parent–adolescent relationship. 相似文献
329.
The purpose of the present study was to examine relations between adolescents’ social cognitions regarding parenting practices
and adolescents’ prosocial behavioral tendencies. A mediation model was tested whereby the degree to which adolescents perceived
their parents as responding appropriately to their prosocial and antisocial behaviors was hypothesized to predict adolescents’
tendencies toward prosocial behavior indirectly by way of adolescents’ prosocial values. Adolescents (N = 140; M age = 16.76 years, SD = .80; 64% girls; 91% European Americans) completed measures of prosocial values and of the appropriateness
with which they expected their parents to react to their prosocial and antisocial behaviors. In addition, teachers and parents
rated the adolescents’ tendencies for prosocial behaviors. A structural equation model test showed that the degree to which
adolescents expected their parents to respond appropriately to their prosocial behaviors was related positively to their prosocial
values, which in turn was positively associated with their tendencies to engage in prosocial behaviors (as reported by parents
and teachers). The findings provide evidence for the central role of adolescents’ evaluations and expectancies of parental
behaviors and of the role of values in predicting prosocial tendencies. Discussion focuses on the implications for moral socialization
theories and on the practical implications of these findings in understanding adolescents’ prosocial development. 相似文献
330.
Robert D. Laird Matthew D. Marrero Miranda Sentse 《Journal of youth and adolescence》2010,39(12):1431-1441
Studies using valid measures of monitoring activities have not found the anticipated main effects linking greater monitoring
activity with fewer behavioral problems. This study focused on two contexts in which monitoring activities may be particularly
influential. Early adolescents (n = 218, M age = 11.5 years, 51% female, 49% European American, 47% African American) reported their unsupervised time, beliefs about
the legitimacy of their parents’ authority, and their own involvement in antisocial behavior. Mothers and adolescents reported
their perceptions of adolescent disclosure and parental solicitation and control. Adolescents’ perceptions of greater parental
solicitation at age 11 were associated with less antisocial behavior at age 12 (when controlling for age 11 antisocial behavior)
among adolescents reporting large amounts of unsupervised time and weak legitimacy beliefs. Perceived parental solicitation
may be an effective deterrent of antisocial behavior when adolescents spend a lot of time unsupervised and for adolescents
who are likely to challenge the legitimacy of their parents’ authority. 相似文献