The writing of modern Turkey

This review article outlines the progress that the literature on the causes of ethnic cleansing has made in the last 10–15 years. The article specifically focuses on two lines of research that have expanded our understanding of ethnic cleansing: (a) the studies that focus on the role of wars (this literature can in turn be divided into those works that treat “wars as strategic environments” and those that treat “wars as transformational forces”); (b) the studies that focus on the pre-war domestic or international conditions that hinder or promote ethnic cleansing. The last section of the article suggests several future avenues of research that could further refine the study of ethnic cleansing and its relationship to other types of mass violence.     

Two strategies in Serbian politics in Croatia and Hungary before the first world war*

Ritchie Robertson and Edward Timms, eds, The Habsburg Legacy: National Identity in Historical Perspective. [Austrian Studies V] Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1994.

Richard B. Spence and Linda L. Nelson, eds, Scholar, Patriot, Mentor: Historical Essays in Honor of Dimitrije Djordjevic. Boulder, CO: East European Monographs, 1992.

David M. Crowe, A History of the Gypsies of Eastern Europe and Russia. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1994, xvii, 317 pp. + map, bibliography, and index.

Paul Hockenos, Free to Hate: The Rise of the Right in Post Communist Eastern Europe. New York: Routledge, 1993/1994, 330 pp. $35.00 cloth; $17.95 paper.

Adrian Hyde‐Price, The International Politics of East Central Europe. Manchester and New York: Manchester University Press, 1996, xviii, 300 pp. + maps, index.

Gordon Skilling, T. G. Masaryk: Against the Current, 1882–1914. University Park, PA: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1994, xv, 248 pp.

David Kelly, The Czech Fascist Movement 1922–1942. Boulder, CO: East European Monographs, 1995, 236 pp. + index.

Stanislav J. Kirschbaum, A History of Slovakia: The Struggle for Survival. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1995, xvi, 350 pp. + maps, index.

Francine Friedman, The Bosnian Muslims: Denial of a Nation. Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1996, xvii, 275 pp. + bibliography, index.

Levon Chorbajian, Patrick Donabedian and Claude Mutafian, The Caucasian Knot: The History and Geopolitics of Nagorno‐Karabagh. London: Zed Books, 1994, xx, 173 pp., appendices and index.

Manoug J. Somakian, Empires in Conflict: Armenia and the Great Powers 1895–1920. London: I. B. Tauris, 1995, xi, 276 pp. + maps, index.

Vahak N. Dadrian, German Responsibility in the Armenian Genocide: A Review of the Historical Evidence of German Complicity. Watertown, MA: Blue Crane Books, 1996, xvi + 271, illustrations, bibliography, index.

Theodore R. Weeks, Nation and State in Imperial Russia: Nationalism and Russification on the Western Frontier, 1863–1914. Dekalb: Northern Illinois University Press, 1996, xiii, 297 pp. + maps, bibliography, index.

John L. H. Keep, Last of The Empires: A History of the Soviet Union, 1945–1991. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995, xiii, 477 pp.

Brian McNair, Glasnost, Perestroika, and the Soviet Media. New York and London: Routledge, 1991, xii, 231 pp., $49.95.

Don C. Rawson, Russian Rightists and the Revolution of 1905. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995, xvi, 283 pp. + maps, illustrations, tables, bibliography, index.

Anna Geifman, Thou Shalt Kill: Revolutionary Terrorism in Russia, 1894–1917. Princeton: Princeton University, 1993, xii, 365 pp. + photographs, index.

Robert W. Thurston, Life and Terror in Stalin's Russia, 1934–1941. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1996, xxi, 295 pp.

Vitaly V. Naumkin, ed., Central Asia and Transcaucasia. Ethnicity and Conflict. Westport, CT and London: Greenwood Press, 1994, xiii, 242 pp.

D. A. Amanzholova, Kazakhskii Avtonomizm i Rossiia: Istoriia dvizheniia Alash (Kazak Autonomy and Russia: The History of the Alash Movement). Moscow: Rossiia Molodiia, 1994, 216 pp.

Boris Rumer, ed., Central Asia in Transition: Dilemmas of Political and Economic Development. Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe, 1996, xx, 280 pp. + index.

Martha Brill Olcott, The Kazakhs, 2nd edn. Stanford: Hoover Institution Press, 1995, 388 pp.

Stephen Kotkin and David Wolff, Rediscovering Russia in Asia. Siberia and the Russian Far East. Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe, 1995, xxiii, 356 pp. + maps, photographs, tables, index.     

Trade liberalisation,government expenditure and economic growth in Egypt

This article investigates the combined effects of growth in government expenditure, exports, investment and labour supply on economic growth in Egypt between 1955 and 1996. Using cointegration and error correction models, the article finds a long‐run relationship between the variables, but less evidence of one in the short run. To account for the important policy reforms in 1974 and 1991, dummy variables are added which show the reforms have significantly affected the relationship between government expenditure and growth in a positive direction, but have had a negative effect on exports and growth. This conclusion is further supported by the time‐varying coefficient analysis.     

Taxation,Political Accountability and Foreign Aid: Lessons from Somaliland

For years, studies of state formation in early and medieval Europe have argued that the modern, representative state emerged as the result of negotiations between autocratic governments in need of tax revenues and citizens who were only willing to consent to taxation in exchange for greater government accountability. This article presents evidence that similar dynamics shaped the formation of Somaliland's democratic government. In particular, it shows that government dependency on local tax revenues – which resulted from its ineligibility for foreign assistance – provided those outside the government with the leverage needed to force the development of inclusive, representative and accountable political institutions.     

The Limits of Criminal Disenfranchisement

Abstract

This article begins with the assumption that criminal disenfranchisement is at least sometimes theoretically defensible, as a component of punishment. From this assumption, I argue that it is only legitimate in a constrained set of cases. These constraints include: implementing disenfranchisement only for serious crimes; tying disenfranchisement to both the electoral cycle and to the length of imprisonment imposed for an offence; and assessing a background condition of sufficient justice present within the state that wishes to disenfranchise. Once these constraints are considered, I argue that there are very few instances in which disenfranchisement is defensible. To prove this, I examine both current disenfranchisement practices and the commonly present factors that undermine the constraints outlined above.     

The Interplay Between Diabetes and Pancreatitis: Two Case Reports of Sudden,Natural Deaths and a Review of the Literature

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a common disease involving insulin resistance or deficit that, when left unchecked, may cause severe hyperglycemia and subsequent end‐organ damage. Acute pancreatitis (AP) is inflammation of the pancreas that can lead to significant morbidity and mortality. AP and DM both account for a significant amount of sudden deaths, and rarely both disease processes may be present in the same decedent, causing some difficulty in wording the cause of death statement. Although much research has been directed at studying the causes and risk factors for AP and DM, there is a complex interplay between these diseases that is not fully understood. This study presents two autopsy cases of sudden, natural deaths that illustrate this interplay, along with a review of the literature. An algorithm for differentiating AP and DM is then discussed in the context of the presented cases as a proposed aid for forensic pathologists in the certification of such deaths.     

The Development and Application of Random Match Probabilities to Firearm and Toolmark Identification

The field of firearms and toolmark analysis has encountered deep scrutiny of late, stemming from a handful of voices, primarily in the law and statistical communities. While strong scrutiny is a healthy and necessary part of any scientific endeavor, much of the current criticism leveled at firearm and toolmark analysis is, at best, misinformed and, at worst, punditry. One of the most persistent criticisms stems from the view that as the field lacks quantified random match probability data (or at least a firm statistical model) with which to calculate the probability of a false match, all expert testimony concerning firearm and toolmark identification or source attribution is unreliable and should be ruled inadmissible. However, this critique does not stem from the hard work of actually obtaining data and performing the scientific research required to support or reject current findings in the literature. Although there are sound reasons (described herein) why there is currently no unifying probabilistic model for the comparison of striated and impressed toolmarks as there is in the field of forensic DNA profiling, much statistical research has been, and continues to be, done to aid the criminal justice system. This research has thus far shown that error rate estimates for the field are very low, especially when compared to other forms of judicial error. The first purpose of this paper is to point out the logical fallacies in the arguments of a small group of pundits, who advocate a particular viewpoint but cloak it as fact and research. The second purpose is to give a balanced review of the literature regarding random match probability models and statistical applications that have been carried out in forensic firearm and toolmark analysis.     

Canada’s First Integrated Domestic Violence Court: Examining Family and Criminal Court Outcomes at the Toronto I.D.V.C.

This is the first quantitative study to examine Canada’s only Integrated Domestic Violence Court. The methodology used a quasi-experimental design with parallel groups with baseline equivalence. Results demonstrate that when support services are provided to victims of domestic violence during family separation, children benefit from greater involvement with both parents. There was more compliance with child support in the integrated court than the comparison group and compliance in custody and access were two variables that predicted the type of final custody orders. There were fewer judges involved in the IDVC court than comparison group; however, there were no differences in the number of court appearances between groups. The IDVC demonstrates a promising intervention to address domestic violence that involves both criminal and family law courts. Future research is needed to explore the views of children, victims and offenders about their experiences with the IDVC.