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711.
Nicholas J. G. Winter 《American journal of political science》2006,50(2):400-420
In this article I argue that the framing of Social Security in political discourse has associated it symbolically with race. The linkages are subtle and symbolic, and they serve to associate Social Security with whiteness in a mirror image of the association of welfare with blackness. In turn, these associations have racialized white opinion on the program. After discussing the theoretical mechanism by which issue frames can unconsciously associate policies with citizens' racial predispositions, I review the frames surrounding Social Security. Then, drawing on two decades of nationally representative survey data, I demonstrate the racialization of opinion among whites. Using a variety of measures of racial predispositions, I find that racially conservative whites feel more positively about Social Security than do racial liberals. I conclude by considering the implications of these findings for our understanding of racialized politics and for the connections between race, whiteness, and contemporary American politics. 相似文献
712.
713.
Eyitayo Onifade William Davidson Garrett Turke Jill Malinowski Dominique Wimberly 《Journal of criminal justice》2008,36(2):165
Effective case management of juvenile offenders requires differential treatment of juveniles that is based on clearly established patterns of need and risk ascertained by valid risk prediction tools. This study was the first attempt to determine whether profiles of offenders would provide valid and useful information beyond simple risk level (high, medium, and low). Using cluster analytic techniques, this study identified five risk profiles using juvenile court intake and probation samples (n = 301 and n = 372, respectively). The two samples were selected to represent youth entering the juvenile justice system and those already under the jurisdiction of the court. The results indicated that statistically dependable profiles could be identified which may provide more detailed information than risk level alone. Further, it appears that risk profile may provide a more useful method of categorizing offenders and their needs. 相似文献
714.
An accurate understanding of the spatial relationships between the deep and superficial structures of the head is essential for anthropological methods concerned with the comparison of faces to skulls (superimposition) or the prediction of faces from them (facial approximation). However, differences of opinion exist concerning: (i) the position of the eyeball in planes other than the anteroposterior plane and (ii) the canthi positions relative to the bony orbital margins. This study attempts to clarify the above relationships by dissection of a small sample of adult human cadavers (N = 4, mean age = 83 years, s = 12 years). The most notable finding was that the eyeballs were not centrally positioned within the orbits as the more recent craniofacial identification literature expounds. Rather, the eyeballs were consistently positioned closer to the orbital roof and lateral orbital wall (by 1-2 mm on average); a finding consistent with the earlier anatomical literature. While these estimation errors are small ipsilaterally, several factors make them meaningful: (i) the orbital region is heavily used for facial recognition; (ii) the width error is doubled because the eyes are bilateral structures; (iii) the eyes are sometimes used to predict/assess other soft tissue facial structures; and (iv) the net error in facial approximation rapidly accumulates with the subsequent prediction of each independent facial feature. While the small sample size of this study limits conclusive generalizations, the new data presented here nonetheless have immediate application to craniofacial identification practice because the results are evidence based. In contrast, metric data have never been published to support the use of the central positioning guideline. Clearly, this study warrants further quantification of the eyeball position in larger samples and preferably of younger individuals. 相似文献
715.
716.
Krent HJ Gingo N Kapp M Moran R Neal M Paulas M Sarna P Suma S 《Annals of health law / Loyola University Chicago, School of Law, Institute for Health Law》2008,17(1):1-37, table of contents
This article examines a recent New York City health regulation that mandates the compilation and storage of individual medical data from nearly all diabetics in a centralized registry. The authors distinguish this novel registry from prior health registries and scrutinize its potential to compromise individual privacy. In order to address privacy and other concerns, the authors offer suggestions for changes to the current statutory framework of the registry that will also be useful when considering the creation of similar public health registries in other cities. 相似文献
717.
This paper compares and contrasts South East Asian and European Union countries’ perceptions of the priorities for anti money
laundering (AML) and anti terrorist finance (ATF) in relation to three industries: security goods and services; the timber
trade; and ‘informal’ value transfer and banking services. It might be expected that all countries would equally support each
of these aspects of AML/ATF policies, without differentiating between the industries generating the proceeds. As this paper
will show, however, historical experiences, contemporary political relations and patterns of trade shape countries’ approaches,
resulting in distinctive enthusiasms and reservations. In a nutshell, the EU points most strongly to products and services
originating in Asia as posing AML/CTF risks, and locates primary responsibility for monitoring and control as falling within
Asia - a projection of risk and responsibility that is reciprocated by Asian countries. Asian countries perceive a need for
tighter control of dangerous products exported by the west, for example, small arms and light weapons, and of related money
laundering circuits. Asian and European policy makers increasingly articulate concerns over illegal logging and related laundering,
however European importers and their governments see responsibilities for this as falling primarily within Asia. Finally,
the EU (like the US) perceives high levels of laundering risk in ‘informal’ value transfer/banking services, in which Asian-run
businesses have a global competitive advantage. For the future, as the international balance of trade shifts, and as Asia
increases its influence in international fora including those concerned with AML/CTF, so the region’s policy preferences may
be expected to carry more weight.
相似文献
Michael LeviEmail: |
718.
Howard Davidson 《Family Court Review》2009,47(2):253-264
This article first summarizes key data on the scope of teen substance abuse and the lack of teen access to needed treatment services. It then describes how and why attorneys may be helpful to parents who discover their teen's drug or alcohol problem and seek advice and counsel about the legal implications of various actions that can or may be taken. The article explores such issues as parents finding illegal drugs in the house or on their teen's person, various modalities of treatment and how family members are involved, how parents might secure residential evaluations for their youth without the necessity of juvenile court involvement (and why this is important), concerns about placing youth in unlicensed residential treatment facilities, health insurance coverage issues, home drug testing, and how past American Bar Association (ABA) policy on youth drug and alcohol abuse is being followed up with a new ABA project to aid parents of substance‐abusing teenagers and their families. 相似文献
719.
Nicholas Kyriazis 《European Journal of Law and Economics》2009,27(2):109-127
The present essay analyses Athenian finances during the fourth century BC, the ‘Age of Demosthenes’, from both the revenue
and expenditure points of view. It examines how Athenians practiced the concept of ‘economic democracy’ on matters of public
choice, and the sometimes ingenious solutions they adopted for financing public goods such as defense, education and ‘social
security’. Ancient Athens, the ‘prototype’ political democracy, was advanced also in matters of public administration, finance
and institutions, on which political democracy was based and without their smooth running could not have functioned.
相似文献
Nicholas KyriazisEmail: |
720.
Nicholas D. K. Petraco Ph.D. ; Carol Gambino M.S. ; Thomas A. Kubic Ph.D. ; Dayhana Olivio Nicholas Petraco M.S. 《Journal of forensic sciences》2010,55(1):34-41
Abstract: In the field of forensic footwear examination, it is a widely held belief that patterns of accidental marks found on footwear and footwear impressions possess a high degree of "uniqueness." This belief, however, has not been thoroughly studied in a numerical way using controlled experiments. As a result, this form of valuable physical evidence has been the subject of admissibility challenges. In this study, we apply statistical techniques used in facial pattern recognition, to a minimal set of information gleaned from accidental patterns. That is, in order to maximize the amount of potential similarity between patterns, we only use the coordinate locations of accidental marks (on the top portion of a footwear impression) to characterize the entire pattern. This allows us to numerically gauge how similar two patterns are to one another in a worst-case scenario, i.e., in the absence of a tremendous amount of information normally available to the footwear examiner such as accidental mark size and shape. The patterns were recorded from the top portion of the shoe soles (i.e., not the heel) of five shoe pairs. All shoes were the same make and model and all were worn by the same person for a period of 30 days. We found that in 20–30 dimensional principal component (PC) space (99.5% variance retained), patterns from the same shoe, even at different points in time, tended to cluster closer to each other than patterns from different shoes. Correct shoe identification rates using maximum likelihood linear classification analysis and the hold-one-out procedure ranged from 81% to 100%. Although low in variance, three-dimensional PC plots were made and generally corroborated the findings in the much higher dimensional PC-space. This study is intended to be a starting point for future research to build statistical models on the formation and evolution of accidental patterns. 相似文献