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排序方式: 共有380条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
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This article analyzes the evolution of the network of Brazilian federal accountability institutions over the course of the past generation, between the transition to democracy and the end of President Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva's second term. Substantively, the article charts the significant gains that have been made in accountability institutions. Theoretically, it evaluates the evolution of these institutions as a consequence of the distribution of rules, routines, roles, and resources across a larger institutional network, demonstrating that changes in the various bureaucratic agencies have mutually reinforced each other and generated autocatalytic processes of reform. 相似文献
83.
Public Choice - The aim of this article is to help explain the history of the public spending-to-GDP ratio in France by examining the production of laws and regulations. It empirically finds a... 相似文献
84.
The link between business cycles and the democratic politicalsystem has long been recognized by economists. However, thedeterminants of political business cycles are not well understood.We discuss several institutional and behavioral determinants ofthose cycles, such as revolving-door appointments, term limits andpreferences of the incumbent politician, electorate and businesscommunity concerning the intertemporal pattern of publicexpenditure. We show how they affect the cycle's amplitude in thecontext of a rational-expectations model. 相似文献
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Jan N Marclay F Schmutz N Smith M Lacoste A Castella V Mangin P 《Forensic science international》2011,213(1-3):109-113
The fight against doping is mainly focused on direct detection, using analytical methods for the detection of doping agents in biological samples. However, the World Anti-Doping Code also defines doping as possession, administration or attempted administration of prohibited substances or methods, trafficking or attempted trafficking in any prohibited substance or methods. As these issues correspond to criminal investigation, a forensic approach can help assessing potential violation of these rules. In the context of a rowing competition, genetic analyses were conducted on biological samples collected in infusion apparatus, bags and tubing in order to obtain DNA profiles. As no database of athletes' DNA profiles was available, the use of information from the location detection as well as contextual information were key to determine a population of suspected athletes and to obtain reference DNA profiles for comparison. Analysis of samples from infusion systems provided 8 different DNA profiles. The comparison between these profiles and 8 reference profiles from suspected athletes could not be distinguished. This case-study is one of the first where a forensic approach was applied for anti-doping purposes. Based on this investigation, the International Rowing Federation authorities decided to ban not only the incriminated athletes, but also the coaches and officials for 2 years. 相似文献
88.
In this paper, we present a computer-assisted method for facial reconstruction. This method provides an estimation of the facial shape associated with unidentified skeletal remains. Current computer-assisted methods using a statistical framework rely on a common set of extracted points located on the bone and soft-tissue surfaces. Most of the facial reconstruction methods then consist of predicting the position of the soft-tissue surface points, when the positions of the bone surface points are known. We propose to use Latent Root Regression for prediction. The results obtained are then compared to those given by Principal Components Analysis linear models. In conjunction, we have evaluated the influence of the number of skull landmarks used. Anatomical skull landmarks are completed iteratively by points located upon geodesics which link these anatomical landmarks, thus enabling us to artificially increase the number of skull points. Facial points are obtained using a mesh-matching algorithm between a common reference mesh and individual soft-tissue surface meshes. The proposed method is validated in term of accuracy, based on a leave-one-out cross-validation test applied to a homogeneous database. Accuracy measures are obtained by computing the distance between the original face surface and its reconstruction. Finally, these results are discussed referring to current computer-assisted reconstruction facial techniques. 相似文献
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Pablo Salvador-Coderch Nuno Garoupa Carlos Gómez-Ligüerre 《European Journal of Law and Economics》2009,28(3):257-287
The duty-of-care requirement cannot be used anymore as the touchstone to differentiate negligence from strict liability because
it can be found in many forms of the latter. Duty of care is smuggled into strict liability hidden under the scope of liability
requirement (traditionally called “proximate causation”). As far as the scope of liability requirement is common to negligence
and to many forms of strict liability, there is a fairly large common ground to both liability rules, and consequently the
marginal Hand formula is applied to both rules. Indeed, under a negligence rule, the marginal Hand formula is applied twice:
first to assess whether or not the defendant did breach his or her duty of care, and, second, to delimit whether or not the
defendant’s behavior was a proximate cause of the harm suffered by the victim. However, under a strict liability rule, the
Hand formula is applied only once when the proximate causation question is raised. Traditional law and economics analysis
has almost always taken the normative question raised by the causation requirement as given, which is a potential major problem
due to the importance of scope of liability or proximate causation in legal practice. Defining the scope of liability, that
is to say, the boundaries of the pool of potential defendants, is the basic legal policy decision for each and every liability
rule. In the normative model presented in this paper, the government first chooses efficient scope of liability, and given
the scope of liability, the government then decides the liability rule and damages that guarantee efficient precaution. In
the article, most known scope of liability rationales developed by both common law and civil law systems are discussed in
order to show the substantial common ground between negligence and strict liability. 相似文献