Latvians on the road to market democracy

This article began as a contrast between the politics and processes of budgeting and revenue mobilization in Latvia under Soviet rule and as an independent country. The dynamics of events in Latvia and opportunities presented during our research broadened its scope. The article became a broad review of the economic and political processes in Latvia since independence, with an emphasis on the effects of attitudes inherited from fifty years of Soviet rule, traditional Latvian values, and emerging public policies. The interdependence between government and business infrastructure is dramatically shown in the bank scandal of 1995. The bank failures caused near catastrophic reductions in tax revenues.     

Sport on the snowline

Japanese Expansion on the Asiatic Continent. Vol. II. By Yoshi S. Kuno. University of California Press and Cambridge University Press. 24s.

A Key to Victory. By Lieut.‐Colonel C. Garsia, D.S.O., M.C.. with a foreword by Field‐Marshal Sir Philip Chetwode, Bart., G.C.B., O.M., G.C.S.I., K.C.M.G., D.S.O. 8 1/2” x 5 1/2”. Pp. xvii + 328. Maps and illustrations. Eyre and Spottiswoode. 12s. 6d.

South‐west Persia. By Sir Arnold Wilson, K.C.I.E., C.S.I., C.M.G., D.S.O., M.P. Pp. 305. Oxford University Press. 1941. 15s.

Things Mortal. By Lieutenant‐Colonel Sir Frederick O'Connor, C.S.I., C.I.E., C.V.O. Dedicated to H.H. Maharaja Joodha Shumshere Jung Bahadur Rana. Preface and illustrations. 9” x6”. Pp. 256. London: Hodder and Stoughton. 1940. 10s. 6d.

Bid Time Return. By Margaret Ferguson. 8 3/4” x 5 3/4”. Pp. 256. Illustrations. Hale. 1941. 12s. 6d.

Sons of Sindbad. By Alan Villiers. Pp. xiv + 346. Illustrated. Hodder and Stoughton, Ltd. 20s.

Drinkers of the Wind. By Carl R. Raswan. 9 3/8” x 6 1/4”. Pp. 288. Illustrated. Hutchison. 18s.

The Fire‐Ox and Other Years. By Suydam Cutting. New York : Charles Scribner's Sons.

Helvellyn to Himalaya. Including an Account of the First Ascent of Chomolhari. By E. Spencer Chapman. Pp. xv + 285. With 44 illustrations and 2 maps. London: Chatto and Windus. 1940. 18s.

Assam Adventure. By F. Kingdon Ward. Pp. 304; 16 illustrations, 2 appendixes. Jonathan Cape. 1941. 12s. 6d.

A Long Look at Life. By two Victorians, Lady King‐Stewart, O.B.E., and Miss Ella Christie, F.R.G.S. 8 1/2 x 61/4”. Pp. 256. Illustrations. Seeley Service. 1941. 21s.

The Viceroy and Governor‐General of India. By A. B. Rudra, Ph.D. Pp. xv+ 362. 8 1/2” x 5 3/4”. Milford. Oxford University Press. 1940. Rs. 10.

The Co‐operative Movement in Bengal. By Professor J. P. Niyogi, M.A.(Cal.), Ph.D.(London). 9” x 6 1/4”. Pp. ix + 267. (Macmillan and Co., Ltd.) 10s. 6d.

Twilight in Delhi. By Ahmud Ali. Hogarth Press.

The Red Tortoise and Other Tales of Rural India. Told by N. Gangulee. Pp. 90. The India Society. 1940. 3s. 6d.

When Peacocks Called. By Hilda Seligman. John Lane: Bodley Head.

The Voyage of the “Kaimiloa.” By Eric de Bisschop. Translated from the French by Marc Ceppi. Pp. 310, with illustrations (11 photographs and 1 sketch‐map). London: G. Bell and Sons. 1940. 12s. 6d.

Three Ways of Thought in Ancient China. By Arthur Waley. George Allen and Unwin. 1939.

The Tower of Five Glories. A Study of the Min Chia of Tali, Yunnan. By C. P. Fitzgerald. 8 1/2” x 5 3/4”. Preface and 280 pp. 3 maps. 31 illustrations. Cresset Press. 16s.

The Current War. By Captain Liddell Hart. Hutchison.     

Beyond the fallacy of coup-ism: conceptualizing civilian control of the military in emerging democracies

It is consensus in the democratization literature that civilian control of the military is a necessary ingredient for democracy and democratic consolidation. However, there is considerable disagreement on what civilian control of the military exactly entails and there is a lack of solid theoretical arguments for how weak or absent civilian control affects democratic governance. Furthermore, a considerable portion of the research literature is captured by the fallacy of coup-ism, ignoring the many other forms in which military officers can constrain the authority of democratically elected political leaders to make political decisions and get them implemented. This article addresses these lacunae by providing a new conceptual framework for the analysis of civil–military relations in emerging democracies. From democracy theory it derives a definition of civilian control as a certain distribution of decision-making power between civilian leaders and military officers. Based on this definition, the authors develop a five-dimensional concept of civilian control, discuss the effects of weakly institutionalized civilian control on the quality of democracy and address the chances for democratic consolidation.     

Sex Trafficking and Moral Harm: Politicised Understandings and Depictions of the Trafficked Experience

This paper explores notions of harm in sex work discourse, highlighting the extent to which essentialist ideas of ‘good’ versus ‘bad’ sex have pervaded trafficking policy. In a comparative examination of Australian Parliamentary Inquiries and United States congressional hearings leading to the establishment of anti-trafficking policy, we identify the stories that have influenced legislators, and established a narrative of trafficking heavily dependent upon assumptions of the inherent harm of sex work. This narrative constructs a hierarchy of victimisation, which denies alternative discourses of why women migrate for sex work. We argue that it is not sexual commerce that is harmful, but pathological, systemic inequalities and entrenched disadvantage that are harmful. A narrow narrative of trafficking fails to adequately depict this complexity of the trafficked experience.     

老年人交通事故精神伤残鉴定的临床特征分析

目的探讨老年人交通事故受伤后精神伤残鉴定临床特征。方法对109例老年人发生交通事故受伤后精神伤残司法鉴定资料进行回顾性分析,并与非老年组进行对照研究。结果老年人多为被动性损伤、受伤后颅内血肿发生率高、致残的原因88．07％是智能及精神障碍所致,损伤程度及伤残等级以中、重度多见。结论最佳评残时机为脑外伤一年后为宜,应结合老年人的心理、生理特点,提高交通安全防范意识。     

Agency Termination in the UK: What Explains the ‘Bonfire of the Quangos’?

In October 2010, the UK’s Coalition Government announced a radical reduction in the number of public bodies in the UK. This research tests the impact of three factors identified in the termination literature as affecting agency survival: political turnover, age and agency type. The research found that advisory Non-Departmental Public Bodies were five times more likely to have been identified for abolition or merger than other agency types. The research also found that agency age was a factor, but that political turnover was not significant.